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Examines the processes that maintained and intensified Basque nationalist political consciousness during the Franco years and the subsequent democratization of Spain. This work is based in part on a range of interviews and polls with informants in the Basque Country and abroad."

Foreword by William A. Douglass. Translation by Roland Vazquez. From Columbus's first voyage to "the Indies" in 1492, Basques participated in Spain's American enterprise. Supported by centuries of experience as mariners, shipbuilders, traders, miners, and ironworkers; encouraged toward emigration by restrictive inheritance laws and a land-poor territory; and conditioned by a culture that prized hard work and social solidarity, the Basques were poised to play a significant role in the exploration and development of the New World. The first Basques arrived with Columbus, and well into the...