The Superdeep Well of the Kola Peninsula

ISBN-13: 9783642711398 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 558 str.

Yevgeny A. Kozlovsky; I. P. Lavrushko; G. a. Bylevski

Opis

The present book is devoted to the study of the deep Earth's interior structure, one of the most important problems of Earth sciences today. The drilling of the Kola superdeep well inaugurated a new stage in the study of the Precambrian continental crust. The well was sunk in the northeastern part of the Baltic Shield, in an area where the Precambrian ore-bearing structures, typical of the ancient platform basements, are in juxtaposition with each other. To the present the well has been drilled to a depth of 12 km, has traversed the full thickness of the Proterozoic complex and a considerable part of the Archean stratum, and is still be ing worked on. This book reviews the principal results of investigations to a depth of 11,600 m; these are described in three sections: geology, geophysics, and drilling. The book begins with a general review of the history, the present state of knowledge, and trends of further investigations in the field of study of the Earth's interior and superdeep drilling. The first section of the book considers the geology of the vicinity of the Kola superdeep well and describes its geological section based on a detailed examination both of the cores and the near-borehole area."

Spis treści

1. Geology.- 1.1 Geology of the North-Eastern Part of the Baltic Shield.- 1.1.1 Basic Features of the Geological Structure of the Kola Peninsula.- 1.1.2 The Deep Structure of the Kola Peninsula.- 1.1.3 Geology of the SG-3 Well Site Area.- 1.1.4 Principal Results of Deep Geophysical Investigations in the Area of the SG-3 Well Site.- 1.2 Geological Section of the Well.- 1.2.1 The Pechenga Complex.- 1.2.2 The Archean Complex.- 1.2.3 The Physical Character of Rock Foliation.- 1.2.4 The Stratigraphie Subdivision of the Section.- 1.2.5 The Age of the Pechenga Complex and Kola Series.- 1.3 Rocks and Rock-Forming Minerais.- 1.3.1 Metamorphic and Intrusive Rocks of the Pechenga Complex.- 1.3.2 Polymetamorphic Rocks of the Archean Complex.- 1.3.3 Rock-Forming Minerais in Vertical Deep Section.- 1.4 Geochemistry and Conditions of Formation of the Precambrian Complexes.- 1.4.1 The Pechenga Complex.- 1.4.2 The Archean Complex.- 1.4.3 Geochemical Section of the Earth’s Crust.- 1.5 Zonality and Age of Metamorphism.- 1.5.1 Vertical Metamorphic Zonality.- 1.5.2 Low-Temperature Retrograde Metamorphism.- 1.5.3 Physico-Chemical Conditions of Metamorphism.- 1.5.4 Age of the Zonal Metamorphism.- 1.6 Ore Mineralization.- 1.6.1 Sulphide Copper-Nickel Mineralization.- 1.6.2 Iron-Titanium Mineralization in Metabasites.- 1.6.3 Ferruginous Quartzites.- 1.6.4 Hydrothermal Sulphide Mineralization in Zones of the Retrograde Dislocation Metamorphism.- 1.7 Shear Zones and Mineralized Fissures.- 1.7.1 Shear Zones and Dislocation Metamorphism.- 1.7.2 Mineralized Fissures and Their Distribution at Different Depth Levels.- 1.7.3 Fissuring, Physical Properties and Anisotropy of Rocks.- 1.8 Gases and Organic Matter.- 1.8.1 Well Gasometry.- 1.8.2 Gases in Rocks.- 1.8.3 Geochemistry of Organic Matter.- 1.9 Hydrogeological Essay.- 1.9.1 Subsurface Waters of the Pechenga Subartesian Basin.- 1.9.2 Chemical Composition of Subsurface Waters.- 1.9.3 Subsurface Waters and Hydrophysical Zonality.- 1.10 Evolution of the Continental Crust in the Precambrian.- 1.10.1 Volumetric Geological Model of the Pechenga Region.- 1.10.2 History of Tectonic Development of the Pechenga Région.- 1.10.3 Evolution and Vertical Zonality of Mineralization.- 1.10.4 Evolution of the Earth’s Crust in Precambrian Time.- 2. Geophysics.- 2.1 Geological and Technical Conditions for Logging the Well.- 2.2 Combinations of Well Logs.- 2.3 Apparatus, Cable, and Equipment for Logging the Kola Well.- 2.4 WL Operation Procedure.- 2.5 Further Investigations and Improvements in Apparatus and Technology of Superdeep Well Logging.- 2.6 Rock Density, Porosity, and Permeability.- 2.7 Acoustic Properties of the Rocks.- 2.7.1 Acoustic Properties from Core Measurements.- 2.7.2 Results of Acoustic Properties Détermination from the Wide Frequency Band Acoustic Log (ALW). Comparison with Data Obtained from Core Samples.- 2.8 Seismic Investigations in the Borehole.- 2.8.1 Velocity Characteristics of the Section.- 2.8.2 Wave Patterns.- 2.8.3 Elastic Wave Absorption.- 2.9 Rock Electrical Properties.- 2.10 Magnetic Properties of Rocks.- 2.10.1 Magnetic Susceptibility.- 2.10.2 Natural Residual Magnetization.- 2.10.3 Koenigsberger Ratio (Q-Factor).- 2.11 Rock Radioactivity.- 2.11.1 Natural Radioactivity.- 2.11.2 Nuclear-Physical Parameters.- 2.12 Rock Thermal Properties.- 2.13 Geothermic Investigations.- 2.13.1 Thermal Field and Its Characteristics.- 2.13.2 Radioactive Heat in the Thermal Balance of the Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle.- 2.13.3 Heat Generation.- 2.13.4 Heat Generation Models.- 2.14 Physico-Mechanical Properties.- 2.15 Vertical Zonation in Rock Physical Properties and of the Crustal Structure from the Results of the Present Study.- 2.15.1 Elastic-DensityModel.- 2.15.2 Seismic-Acoustic Model.- 2.15.3 Tectonic-Physical Model.- 3. Drilyling.- 3.1 Technical and Technological Problems of Drilling. The Scientific Basis for Choice of Drilling Equipment and Tools.- 3.1.1 Drilling Parameters.- 3.1.2 Choice of Well Design.- 3.1.3 Stability of the Borehole Wall Rock Mass.- 3.1.4 Admissible Parameters of a Spatial Trajectory of the Borehole.- 3.1.5 Drilling Method and Practices. Prediction of Drilling Indices.- 3.1.6 Drilling Tools.- 3.1.7 Drilling Fluid.- 3.1.8 Coring.- 3.1.9 Control of Drilling Parameters.- 3.1.10 Drill Rig.- 3.2 Surface Drilling Equipment and Facilities.- 3.2.1 Drilling Equipment and Electric Drives.- 3.2.2 Drilling Process Instrumentation.- 3.2.3 Auxiliary Facilities at the Drilling Site.- 3.3 Drilling Tools and Aids.- 3.3.1 Drill Bits.- 3.3.2 Coring Tools.- 3.3.3 Downhole Motors.- 3.3.4 High-Strength Drill Pipes.- 3.3.5 Drilling Fluids.- 3.3.6 Telemetering System of Downhole Motor rpm Indication.- 3.3.7 Wellhead Equipment.- 3.3.8 Bottomhole Assemblies.- 3.3.9 Trouble and Failure Prévention and Control Aids.- 3.4 An Integrated Interpretation of Technical and Economic Drilling Results.- 3.4.1 Technical and Economie Evalution of the Drilling Process.- 3.4.2 Major Trends in Variation of Drilling Indices with Depth.- Conclusion.- References.