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This study empirically investigated the effects of consumer price perception dimension and reputation dimension on attitude toward private label brands among young Swedish consumers. Consumer price perception dimension includes value consciousness, price consciousness, and price-quality association factors. Reputation dimension includes retailer's reputation, existence of word-of-mouth (WOM), positive WOM, and negative WOM. Measurement scales for consumer price perception dimensions were taken from Baltas (1997) and Burton et al. (1998). New measurement scales were developed for factors under...

Distance education has been regarded as a Western teaching model that emphasizes individual development, learner's autonomy, active learning, and mutual communications. When Chinese students, who are accustomed to a teacher-led, passive, and reticent way of learning, take online courses in the West, they are likely to encounter a series of disorientations and even difficulties. This doctoral study explores the role of cultural values in shaping Chinese students' online learning experiences in American universities. Through a qualitative research design, 11 Chinese graduate students from 6...

DNA and protein evolution is the cornerstone of modern biology. In order to form a new integrated theory, the study incorporates many factors: (1) the large-scale random unequal crossover in eukaryote meiosis have fueled spliceosomal introns, which results in that introns are very common in eukaryotes but very less in prokaryotes; (2) DNA evolution proceeds through two ways: C-to-T (caused by DNA methyltransferase, which mainly existed in vertebrates) and A-to-G substitution (which increased linearly with the A/G gradient); (3) the trend of protein evolution is controlled by the ...