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In 1941 the British and the Russians occupied Iran. The autocratic Reza Shah was forced to abdicate under British pressure and there followed one of the most turbulent periods in modern Iranian political history. Iran became the scene of political turmoil involving numerous factions and organizations whose ideological convictions ranged from the communist left to the religious right.

This book, the first detailed study to appear in English, provides dramatic new detail on the in-fighting and intrigue which characterized the period. It also seeks to explain why Iran's only protracted...

The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 launched Iran as a pioneer in a broad-based movement to establish democratic rule in the non-Western world. In a book that provides essential context for understanding modern Iran, Fakhreddin Azimi traces a century of struggle for the establishment of representative government.

The promise of constitutional rule was cut short in the 1920s with the rise of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Shah, whose despotic rule Azimi deftly captures, maintained the faCade of a constitutional monarch but greeted any challenge with an iron fist: "I will eliminate you,"...