A Biosystematic Study of the African and Madagascan Rubiaceae-Anthospermeae

ISBN-13: 9783709188538 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 535 str.

Christian Puff

Opis

Biosystematic studies on the Rubiaceae have a long tradition at the Institute of Botany in Vienna. Within this family the Anthospermeae, and especially its African and Madagascan members, are of particular interest because of several aspects in their evolution: I) Perfection of anemophily within an otherwise nearly exclusively zoophilous family; 2) transitions from hermaphrodity to polygamy and finally dioecy; 3) differentiation from large and long-lived shrubs to short-lived herbs; 4) adaptive radiation from humid to seasonally dry, fire-exposed and xeric habitats. However, morphological diversity linked to sexual differentia tion, modificatory plasticity, and eco-geographical polymorphism have for a long time hampered our understanding of the relationships among these African Anthospermeae. Thus, it was imperative to put special emphasis on field observations and to carry out a variety of experiments with cultivated plants in addition to the analysis of an enormous herbarium material. The author, for this reason, carried out extensive field work, often under very adverse conditions, and covered most African countries from Ethiopia to Southern Africa and twice visited Madagascar. In this way a multitude of data was accumulated on the group in respect to germination and growth form, vegetative and reproductive morphology, anatomy and biology, embryology, karyology, crossing relationships, phytochemistry, distribu tion and ecology, etc."

Spis treści

Abstract.- A. Introduction.- B. Materials and Methods.- C. General Part.- 1. Geographical Distribution and Habitats.- 2. Habit and Growth Form Analyses.- 2.1. Large to Medium-sized Shrubs.- 2.2. Dwarf Shrubs.- 2.2.1. Short-lived Shrubs (“Woody Herbs”).- 2.3. Subshrubs.- 2.4. Perennial Herbs.- 2.5. Influence of External Factors on Habit and Growth Form.- 2.5.1. Fire.- 2.5.2. Browsing.- 3. Stems.- 3.1. Indumentum, Cortex, Cork.- 3.2. Wood, Node and Petiole Anatomy.- 4. Leaves.- 4.1. Arrangement; Leafy Short Shoots.- 4.2. Stipules.- 4.3. Blades and Petioles.- 4.4. Age and Persistence.- 4.5. Anatomy.- 4.5.1. Epidermis [incl. Trichomes and Stomata].- 4.5.2. Chlorenchyma.- 4.5.3. Bundle Sheaths and Bundle Sheath Extensions.- 5. Inflorescences.- 6. Flowers.- 6.1. Pedicels.- 6.2. Calyx.- 6.3. Corolla.- 6.4. Androecium.- 6.5. Gynoecium.- 7. Carpophores, Fruits and Seeds.- 7.1. Carpophores.- 7.2. Fruits and Seeds of Anthospermum, Galopina and Nenax.- 7.2.1. Indumentum.- 7.2.2. Persistent Calyx Lobes.- 7.2.3. Fruits Dehiscing into Two Mericarps.- 7.2.4. Indehiscent Fruits.- 7.2.5. Fruit (Mericarp) Anatomy.- 7.2.6. Seeds.- 7.3. Fruits and Seeds of Carpacoce.- 7.3.1. Morphology.- 7.3.2. Anatomy.- 7.3.3. Seeds.- 8. Embryology.- 9. Karyology.- 10. Pollen.- 11. Phytochemical Data.- 11.1. Leaf Flavonoids (by R. D. Wilson).- 11.2. Iridoid Glycosides.- 12. Reproductive Biology.- 12.1 Anemophily.- 12.2. Sex Distributions and Sex Ratios.- 12.2.1. Sex Forms of Individual Plants.- 12.2.2. Sex Ratios and Sex Distributions in Populations.- 12.2.3. Sex Distributions and Anemophily, and the Evolution of Dioecy.- 12.3. Secondary Sex Characters and Sexual Dimorphism.- 12.4. Self-Compatibility, Auto- and Geitonogamy; Parthenocarpic Fruits and the Question of Apomixis.- 12.5. Hybridization.- 12.6. Diaspore Dispersal.- 12.7. Germination Data.- 12.8. Regeneration after Fire.- D. Systematic Part.- Tribe Anthospermeae, Subtribe Anthosperminae.- Key to the African and Madagascan Genera.- Anthospermum.- Regional Keys.- A. Key to Taxa Occurring in Tropical Africa.- B. Key to Taxa Occurring in the Flora Zambesiaca and the Flora of Angola Area.- C. Key to Taxa Occurring in the Flora of Southern Africa Area Excluding the SW Cape Floristic Region.- D. Key to Taxa Occurring in the SW Cape Floristic Region.- E. Key to Taxa Occurring in Madagascar.- The Taxa.- Nenax.- Key to Species and Subspecies.- The Taxa.- Galopina.- Key to Species.- The Species.- Carpacoce.- Key to Species and Subspecies.- The Taxa.- Taxa to be Excluded.- E. Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary Aspects.- 1. Relationships Within Anthospermum.- 1.1. Introductory Remarks.- 1.2. The Anthospermum usambarense Group.- 1.3. The Anthospermum spathulatum Group.- 1.4. The Anthospermum whyteanum Group.- 1.5. The Anthospermum ternatum Group.- 1.6. The Anthospermum herbaceum Group.- 1.7. The Anthospermum pumilum Group.- 1.8. Isolated SW Cape Taxa, Including General Comments on Taxa Occurring in the SW Cape Floristic Region.- 1.9. Isolated Madagascan Taxa.- 1.10. Concluding Remarks.- 2. Affinities Between Nenax and Anthospermum, and Relationships Within Nenax.- 3. Relationships Within Galopina and its Affinities to Other Antho- spermeae.- 4. The Isolated Position of Carpacoce and Relationships Within the Genus.- 5. Relationships Between Anthosperminae and Extra-African Antho- spermeae.- 6. Thoughts on the Evolution of the Anthospermeae.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Index of Taxa (in part D.).