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A collection of essays by leading historians of early modern Europe and the U.S., this books explores how merchants, entrepreneurs, and other early modern capitalists viewed themselves.

Although little known today, the Utrecht physician and town councillor Lambert van Velthuysen (1622-1685) was a prolific Dutch seventeenth-century philosopher and a vociferous advocate of the new philosophies of Descartes and Hobbes. The Letter on the Principles of Justness and Decency of 1651 constitutes both the first published reaction to Hobbes's political philosophy and the first attempt by a Dutch philosopher at using Hobbes to supply a 'Cartesian' moral philosophy. It is also a highly original work that seeks to define the nature of virtue and vice and to justify the...