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Giardia lamblia is one of the most common causative agent of gastrointestinal disease in Pakistan and other developing countries with low socio economic indicator, poor sanitation, contaminated water supply and low standards of hygiene which are highly prevalent . The book which is based on Dissertation submitted in Karachi, University of Karachi in 1999 involves the study on 1000 patients with gastrointestinal problems. It gives an insight of the pattern of G.lamblia infection, detection of Giardia or its antigen by different methods, role of immune response and efficacy of different drugs...

Biofilms are complex aggregates of microbes which attach to each other or to the surface and play a role in antibiotic resistance and persistence of infection. This research highlights that bacteria isolated from surface samples and equipments indicate poor hygienic condition in hospitals. Biofilm formation results in persistence of these organisms which contribute to Nosocomial infections. Contamination of water from swimming pools and domestic water indicates poor hygienic standards and ineffective chlorination. Biofilm of uropathogens and pus from wounds of diabetic patients, burn...