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Integrins are cell surface receptors that take part in cell - cell adhesion and cell - extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion events as well as in cell migration and cell signaling. α5β1 integrins are expressed on a wide range among brain tumor cells. In this study, an intermediate spiroisoxazolinopyrrole of the most specific α5β1 integrin antagonist SJ749 was synthesized. Fischer esterification reaction, Swern oxidation, and Wittig olefination were performed. Next, fluorinated diaminopropionate molecules were synthesized for coupling to SJ749 instead of the...

With immense consumption of resources, increased global warming, and environmental pollution, the energy sector has inevitably embraced sustainability. Countries are releasing plans and programs to shift their fossil fuel-dependent energy sectors into clean energy sectors, and projections show that renewable energy will be a significant part of nations' energy mixes in the near future. Optimization and decision-making techniques have been commonly used in the energy sector as problems encountered in this sector are complex and therefore need comprehensive techniques to solve them. With the...