1. Introduction to concrete and nanomaterials in concrete applications 2. Noncarbon-based nanomaterials for concrete applications 3. Carbon-based nanomaterials for concrete applications 4. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers and their growth mechanisms 5. Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers in concrete manufacturing processes 6. Effects of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers on concrete properties 7. Shielding capabilities of concretes containing carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers 8. Sensing capabilities of concretes containing carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers 9. Energy harvesting using concretes containing carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers 10. Effects of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers on properties of alkali-activated concretes 11. Potential hazardous effects of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers 12. Conclusion: the role of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in concrete technology