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This book presents the workings of major clustering techniques along with their advantages and shortcomings. After introducing the topic, the authors illustrate their modified version that avoids those shortcomings. The book then introduces four modified clustering techniques, namely the Optimized K-Means (OKM), Enhanced Moving K-Means-1(EMKM-1), Enhanced Moving K-Means-2(EMKM-2), and Outlier Rejection Fuzzy C-Means (ORFCM). The authors show how the OKM technique can differentiate the empty and zero variance cluster, and the data assignment procedure of the K-mean clustering technique is...

A large amount of agro-waste is produced annually world over. Agricultural straw consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the most abundant renewable biopolymer. Much of this material is disposed of by burning, which results in environmental pollution; only a little is used as a feed for ruminants. The use of fungi for conversion of lignocellulosic waste into food and feed rich in protein have gained importance as an alternative for developing unconventional source of proteins. Species of Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) represents the second largest variety of the mushroom in the...

There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this book, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy.Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the in-built benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like...