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The hijra(Transgender)community in Pakistan has a long history within the culture of the sub-continenet. Their roles have changed over the years, and with the current practices of commercial sex work among this group, they are at a great risk of both contracting and spreading many sexually transmitted diseases. Once held in high esteem, these caretakers of the kings harem are now socially excluded from many mainstream social activities. The present study looks into the knowledge, attitudes and practices of this community regarding various sexually transmitted infections.

Jazan Province is located in southern Saudi Arabia at borders with Yemen in Arabian Peninsula. It has been introduced to mosquito borne diseases outbreaks such as malaria and Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV). The spatial distribution and ecological niche modeling of mosquito vectors was characterized using geographic information system, remote sensing and maximum entropy. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) was used to establish a fast, reliable and accurate chemical identification method for wild collected mosquito vectors based on their cuticular hydrocarbons' profiles.