Glass-Ceramics and Photo-Sitalls

ISBN-13: 9781468417630 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 444 str.

A. I. Berezhnoi; A. I. Berezhnoi

Opis

In the decade since glass-ceramics first became mass-pro duced articles of commerce, they have become a popular subject for research and invention, as attested to by the 773 references cited in this book. Discovered almost accidentally during re search on photosensitive glasses, thermally crystallized glass ceramics have been distinguished by the rapid pace of their utili zation for distinctive new products. This promise has been recognized throughout the world, and original contributions have appeared from nearly every country having an ongoing glassmaking capability. Particularly numerous have been the publications and the ideas, scientific and technolOgi cal, issuing from the USSR. For several years, the annual All Union Conference on the Glassy State has been dominated by papers on catalyzed crystallization of glasses. With regard to new prod uct lines, we learn about slag-based sitaUs (glass-ceramics) and also about specialty items derived by radiation-assisted crystalli zation in glasses, photo-sitaUs. A. I. Berezhnoi has written a comprehensive review of the publications on this topic, which includes a balanced weighting to the contributions from the USSR and the USA, and also introduces advances from Britain, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Japan, and other centers of activity."

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Spis treści

I. Photosensitive Glasses.- 1. General Considerations.- 2. Compositional Characteristics of Photosensitive Glasses.- 3. The Photographic Process.- 4. The Latent Image and Its Properties.- 5. The Developed Image.- 6. Photosensitive Opaline Glasses.- 7. Theory of the Photosensitive Process.- 8. Irradiation of Photosensitive Glasses at High Temperatures.- II. The Formation of Nuclei and the Crystallization of Glass.- 1. Homogeneous, or Spontaneous, Crystallization.- 2. Heterogeneous, or Catalyzed, Crystallization.- 3. Two-Phase Separation and Catalyzed Crystallization of Glass during the Preparation of Glass-Ceramics.- 4. Mechanism of the Action by TiO2 during Catalyzed Crystallization of Titanium-Containing Glasses.- 5. Immiscibility and Crystallization in Glasses Containing Small Amounts of Platinum or Platinum-Group Metals.- 6. Formation of Nuclei and Growth of Colloidal Particles in Photosensitive Glasses.- 7. Critical Size of Stable Nuclei for Heterogeneous Crystallization.- 8. Effect of the Catalyst on the Composition of Precipitating Crystals. Number and Size of the Crystals.- III. Production Technology and Chemical Compositions for Photosensitive Glasses and Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics.- 1. Copper-Containing Photosensitive Glasses.- 2. Gold-Containing Photosensitive Glasses.- 3. Palladium-Containing Photosensitive Glasses.- 4. Silver-Containing Photosensitive Glasses.- 5. Production Technology of the Photosensitive Glass “Fotoform”.- 6. Production Technology and Some Chemical Compositions for Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics.- 7. Metal-Coating of Articles Made from Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics.- IV. Chemical Compositions and Production Technology of Glass-Ceramics.- 1. Glass-Ceramics in the Li2O—Al2O3—SiO2 and MgO—Al2O3—SiO2 Systems with Ti02 Additions, Characterized by a Low Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient.- 2. Glass-Ceramics in the RO—Al2O3—SiO2 System (Where RO is CaO, ZnO, CdO, BaO, PbO, MnO, FeO, or CoO) with TiO2 or ZrO2 Additions. Glass-Ceramics Transparent to Infrared Radiation.- 3. Glass-Ceramics in the CaO—A12O3—P2O5— SiO2 System and in Other Systems with P2O5 Additions, Having the Properties of English Hard Porcelain.- 4. Glass-Ceramics in the PbO—ZnO—B2O3—SiO2 System. Crystallizing Solder (Sealing) Glasses.- 5. High-Silica Glass-Ceramics in the SiO2—Na2O—K2O System with Fluorine Additions, Characterized by a High Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient.- 6. Glass-Ceramics with a High Nb2O5 Content, Characterized by a High Dielectric Permeability. Glass-Ceramics Based on Nonsilicate Glasses.- 7. Glass-Ceramics Close in Composition to Synthetic Micas (Mica Glass-Ceramics). Romanian Porcelain Made from Glass.- 8. Glass-Ceramics in the Na2O—A12O3—SiO2 System with ? ? 60–120 · 10-7 (°C)-1. Glass-Ceramics Based on Rocks.- 9. Glass-Ceramics Based on Blast-Furnace Slags (Slag Glass-Ceramics), Characterized by High Wear Resistance and Good Chemical Stability.- 10. Colored Glass-Ceramics.- 11. Production Technology of Glass-Ceramics.- V. Properties of Glass-Ceramics, Photosensitive Glasses, and Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics.- 1. Microstructure.- 2. Physical Properties.- a. Density.- b. Porosity.- 3. Mechanical Properties.- a. Strength.- b. Elastic Modulus.- c. Hardness.- 4. Thermal Properties.- a. Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient ?.- b. Thermal Stability.- c. Heat Conductivity.- d. Heat Capacity.- 5. Electrical Properties.- a. Electrical Resistivity.- b. Dielectric Permeability e and Dissipation Factor.- c. Electric Strength.- 6. Chemical Properties.- 7. Optical Properties. Transparent Glass-Ceramics.- VI. Areas of Application of Photosensitive Glasses, Glass-Ceramics, and Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics.- 1. Photosensitive Glasses in Science and Technology and in Construction.- a. Fine-Structured Grids and Screens for Storage and Transmitter Tubes Used in Color Television.- b. Masks for the Sputtering of Thin-Film Circuits and Shadow Masks for Color-Television Picture Tubes.- c. Plates for Pneumatic-Jet Technology (Fluidics).- 2. Photosensitive, Reversibly Darkening Photo-chromic Glasses.- a. Chemical Compositions and Production Technology of Photochromic Glasses.- b. Photochromic Properties and Spectral Sensitivity of Glasses, and the Mechanism of the Photochromic Process.- c. Areas of Application for Photochromic Glasses.- 3. Photosensitive Glass-Ceramics Articles Used in Electronics.- a. Micromodular Boards.- b. Functional Boards for the Assembly of Basic Modular Blocks.- c. Substrates for Printed Circuits.- d. Attenuator Boards.- 4. Nose Cones and/or Shields for Guided Missiles.- 5. Glass-Crystalline Cements in Vacuum Technology.- a. Properties of Glass-Crystalline Cements.- b. Direct Joining of Glass-Ceramics and Metals without Employing Glass-Crystalline Cements.- 6. Glass-Ceramic Envelopes for Vacuum Electronic Apparatus Operating at High Temperatures.- 7. Glass-Ceramics in Machine-Building.- a. Glass-Ceramic Ball Bearings.- b. Glass-Ceramic Parts for Internal Combustion Engines.- c. Heat-Resistant Glass-Ceramic Coatings for Metals.- 8. Glass-Ceramic Piping and Tubing for the Chemical and Petroleum-Refining Industries.- 9. Glass-Ceramics for Construction and Common Daily Use.- 10. Other Areas of Application for Glass-Ceramics.- 11. Cost of Glass-Ceramics.- Literature Cited.