Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (25/27 February 1861[3] - 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect, and esotericist. Steiner gained initial recognition as a literary critic and cultural philosopher. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he founded a spiritual movement, anthroposophy, as an esoteric philosophy with roots in German idealist philosophy and theosophy; other influences include Goethean science and Rosicrucianism.