Erik Ringmar is Chaired Professor in the History and Theory of International Relations at Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. He has recently published "The Mechanics of Modernity in Europe and East Asia: The Institutional Origin of Social Change and Stagnation" (Routledge, 2009) and "Liberal Babararism and the Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China" (Paradigm, 2010).