Sir Michael Quinlan is a leading expert on international security. During his thirty-eight-year career in the British civil service, he worked extensively in NATO and on NATO issues. In 1988 he was appointed as the Permanent Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Defense, the ministry's highest-ranking nonpolitical civilian. From 1992 to 1999 he was director of the Ditchley Foundation, a privately funded institution focusing on international public policy issues. In fall of 2000 he was a public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.