John T. Noonan Jr. has served as Judge on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 1986. He is Robbins Professor Emeritus at Boalt School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of prize-winning work in history, philosophy, and theology. His books include "Bribes" (California, 1988) and "The Antelope: The Ordeal of the Recaptured Africans in the Administrations of James Monroe and John Quincy Adams" (California, 1977).