Chris Mruk, PhD, was trained in general psychology at Michigan State University in 1971 and in clinical psychology at Duquesne University in 1981. His clinical background includes working in inpatient and outpatient mental health settings, supervising a methadone program in Detroit, working in emergency psychiatric services, directing a counseling center at St. Francis College in Pennsylvania, doing some private practice, and serving as a consulting psychologist to Firelands Regional Medical Center in Sandusky, Ohio. He is licensed as a clinical psychologist in Ohio and Pennsylvania.