ALEXANDER LYON MACFIE has written widely on the Straits Question, the Eastern Question, the modern history of the Middle East and other related subjects. His publications include "The Eastern Question" (2nd edition, 1996), "The Straits Question "(1993), "Ataturk "(1994), "The End of the Ottoman Empire" (1998), "Orientalism: A Reader" (2000), "Orientalism" (2002) and "Eastern Influences on Western Philosophy: A Reader" (2003).