Ruud Koopmans is Director of the Migration, Integration, and Transnationalization research unit at the Wissenschaftszentrum fur Sozialforschung Berlin and Professor of Sociology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. His research focuses on citizenship and immigration, European integration, social movements and collective action, and evolutionary sociology. He has authored and co-authored ten books, including Democracy from Below, New Social Movements in Western Europe, Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics, and Contested Citizenship. He has published in leading journals such as