Mirja Iivonen received her Ph.D. in Information Studies at the University of Tampere in 1995. The topic of her dissertation was consistency in the formulation of query statements in online bibliographic retrieval. Currently she is the Director of Tampere University Library and senior scholar attached to the Department of Information Studies at the University of Oulu where she previously held a full professorship and worked as the head of the department. She has supervised several doctoral and master students. She has worked as a visiting scholar at the University of Rutgers, and at the Univers...