Jack E. Henningfield is an adjunct professor of behavioral biology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and vice president for research and health policy at Pinney Associates, a consulting firm in Bethesda, Maryland, that specializes in science policy and regulatory issues concerning public health, medication development, and treatment of tobacco addiction. Patricia B. Santora is an assistant professor of psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Warren K. Bickel is Wilbur D. Mills Chair of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Prevention and is the director of the Center for Substance Abuse