Clemens Gantner works and teaches at the University of Vienna and the Institute for Medieval Research at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He is a member of the Austrian Institute of Historical Research. He is the author of the forthcoming book on the perception of Others in early medieval papal Rome, Freunde Roms und Volker der Finsternis, and co-editor of the acclaimed volume Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World (2012, with Walter Pohl and Richard Payne). His main research area is the history of the papacy in the early Middle Ages, and more generally Italy from 600 1000. He has also