Bruce A. Elleman is William V. Pratt Professor of International History in the Maritime History Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, U.S. Naval War College. He is the author of many books, including International Competition in China, 1899-1991: The Rise, Fall, and Restoration of the Open Door Policy (Routledge/Curzon Press, 2015); Navies and Soft Power: Historical Case Studies of Naval Power and the Non-use of Military Force, edited, with S.C.M. Paine (NWC Press, 2015); Taiwan Straits: Crisis in Asia and the Role of the U.S. Navy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015)