JOHN M. CARROLL, Ph.D., is Chair of the Computer Science Department at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Prior to coming to Virginia Tech, he was program manager at the IBM User-Interface Institute. He is the author of hundreds of technical papers and numerous books in the area of human-computer interaction, including The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill and Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface.