Christopher Bovis is Professor of Law at the Lancashire Law School and Jean Monnet Chair in European and Business Law. He is also Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies at the University of London. He has been Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge, Visiting Professor of Trade and Commerce at the Queens University of Belfast, and Visiting Professor of European Law at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He was Deputy Director of the Institute of European Public Law at the University of Hull from 1994 to 1998. He specializes in European