ROBERT BIRNBAUM is Professor of Higher Education Emeritus at the University of Maryland, College Park, and was formerly Professor and Chair of the Department of Higher and Adult Education at Teachers College, Columbia University. He has held administrative appointments as Vice-chancellor of the City University of New York, Vice-chancellor of the New Jersey Department of Higher Education, and Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh. Birnbaum is author, co-author, or editor of nine books and numerous articles in scholarly and professional journals related to higher education leadershi...