X-Ray Microscopy: Instrumentation and Biological Applications

ISBN-13: 9783642728839 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 415 str.

Ping-Chin Cheng; Gwo-Jen Jan

Opis

In 1979, a conference on x-ray microscopy was organized by the New York Academy of Sciences, and in 1983, the Second Interna tional Symposium on X-ray Imaging was organized by the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. This volume contains the contributions to the symposium "X-ray Microscopy '86," held in Taipei, Taiwan, the Republic of China in August 1986. This is the first volume which intends to provide up-to date information on x-ray imaging to biologists, therefore, emphasis was given to specimen preparation techniques and image interpreta tion. Specimen preparation represents a major part of every microscopy work, therefore, it should be strongly emphasized in this emerging field of x-ray microscopy. Theoretically, x-ray microscopy offers the potential for the study of unfixed, hydrated biological ma terials. Since very few biological system can be directly observed without specimen preparation, we would like to emphasize that new information on biological specimens can only be obtained if the speci men is properly prepared. In the past decade, many of the published x-ray images were obtained from poorly prepared biological speci mens, mainly air-dried materials. Therefore, one of the goals of this conference is to bring the importance of specimen preparation to the attention of x-ray microscopy community. X-ray microscopy can be subdivided into several major areas. They are the classic x-ray projection microscope, x-ray contact imag ing (microradiography) and the more recent x-ray scanning micro scope, x-ray photoelectron microscope and x-ray imaging microscope."

Spis treści

1. Introduction to X-ray Microscopy.- 2. Imaging Properties of the Soft X-ray Photon.- 3. Status of X-ray Microscopy Experiments at the BESSY Laboratory.- 4. Current Status of the Göttingen Scanning X-ray Microscope - Experiments at the BESSY Storage Ring.- 5. The Beginning of Scanning X-ray Microscopy at Daresbury.- 6. Recent Advances in Contact Imaging of Biological Materials.- 7. The Examination of Topographic Images in Resist Surfaces.- 8. The Shadow Projection Type of X-ray Microscope.- 9. The Application of Synchrotron Radiation to X-ray Imaging.- 10. Laser-produced Plasmas as Soft X-ray Sources.- 11. Single Shot Soft X-ray Contact Microscopy with Laboratory Laser Produced Plasmas.- 12. Soft X-ray Contact Imaging at CSRF.- 13. Brief Report on the Present Status of the SRRC.- 14. Diffraction-Imaging Possibilities with Soft X-rays.- 15. X-ray Microholography — Exciting Possibility or Impossible Dream?.- 16. Proposal for a Phase Contrast X-ray Microscope.- 17. Soft X-ray Microscope with Free-standing Zone Plates.- 18. Zone Plate Replication by Contact X-ray Lithography, and Its Application to Scanning X-ray Microscopy.- 19. A 10 keV X-ray Microprobe with Grazing Incidence Mirrors.- 20. Feasibility Study for the Observation of Biological Materials in VUV Wavelength Regions. Using Zone Plates Fabricated by Electron and Ion Beam Lithographies.- 21. Sample Preparation for X-ray Imaging and Examples of Biological X-ray Images.- 22. Studies of Calcium Distribution in Bone by Scanning X-ray Microscopy.- 23. Soft X-ray Microradiography of Biological Specimens.- 24. A Simple Procedure for the Fabrication of Si3N4 Windows.- 25. History of X-ray Microscopy.- Mini Atlas of Biological Images.