Preface; Introduction; 1. Workers' control of machine production in the nineteenth century; 2. Immigrant workers and managerial reform; 3. Machinists, the Civic Federation, and the Socialist Party; 4. The 'new unionism' and the transformation of workers' consciousness in America, 1909–22; 5. Whose standards? Workers and the reorganization of production in the United States, 1900–20; 6. Facing layoffs; 7. American workers and the New Deal Formula; Bibliographical essay.