Wittgenstein 2e

ISBN-13: 9781118854594 / Angielski / Miękka / 2014 / 400 str.

G. P. Baker; P. M. S. Hacker

Opis

The Second Edition of Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity (the second volume of the landmark analytical commentary on Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations) now includes extensively revised and supplemented coverage of the Wittgenstein's complex and controversial remarks on following rules.

• Includes thoroughly rewritten essays and the addition of one new essay on communitarian and individualist conceptions of rule-following
• Includes a greatly expanded essay on Wittgenstein's conception of logical, mathematical and metaphysical necessity
• Features updates to the textual exegesis as the result of taking advantage of the search engine for the Bergen edition of the Nachlass
• Reflects the results of scholarly debates on rule-following that have raged over the past 20 years

Recenzje

"The authors showed in the first volume that they had in full measure the combination of scholarship and philosophical excellence needed to expound and illuminate the intricacies of the text. That combination is apparent on every page of the present work."--Bede Rundle, Philosophical Investigations"This second volume has all the scholarly virtues of its predecessor. It is imbued with massive learning. The exegeses are accurate. The essays usefully distinguish the different threads in Wittgenstein's discussion; they explicate the most significant of the relevant concepts, and they explain the philosophical importance of the issues involved."--Malcolm Budd, Philosophical Books

Spis treści

About the Authors ix

Acknowledgements x

Introduction to Volume 2 xii

Abbreviations xvi

ANALYTICAL COMMENTARY 1

I Two fruits upon one tree 3

1. The continuation of the Early Draft into philosophy of mathematics 3

2. Hidden isomorphism 7

3. A common methodology 12

4. The flatness of philosophical grammar 19

FOLLOWING A RULE §§185 242 23

Introduction to the exegesis 25

II Rules and grammar 41

1. The Tractatus and rules of logical syntax 41

2. From logical syntax to philosophical grammar 43

3. Rules and rule–formulations 46

4. Philosophy and grammar 55

5. The scope of grammar 59

6. Some morals 65

Exegesis §§185 8 68

III Accord with a rule 81

1. Initial compass bearings 81

2. Accord and the harmony between language and reality 83

3. Rules of inference and logical machinery 88

4. Formulations and explanations of rules by examples 90

5. Interpretations, fitting and grammar 93

6. Further misunderstandings 95

Exegesis §§189 202 98

IV Following rules, mastery of techniques, and practices 135

1. Following a rule 135

2. Practices and techniques 140

3. Doing the right thing and doing the same thing 145

4. Privacy and the community view 149

5. On not digging below bedrock 156

V Private linguists and private linguists Robinson Crusoe sails again 157

1. Is a language necessarily shared with a community of speakers? 157

2. Innate knowledge of a language 158

3. Robinson Crusoe sails again 160

4. Solitary cavemen and monologuists 163

5. Private languages and private languages 165

6. Overview 166

Exegesis §§203 37 169

VI Agreement in definitions, judgements and forms of life 211

1. The scaffolding of facts 211

2. The role of our nature 215

3. Forms of life 218

4. Agreement: consensus of human beings and their actions 223

Exegesis §§238 42 231

VII Grammar and necessity 241

1. Setting the stage 241

2. Leitmotifs 245

3. External guidelines 258

4. Necessary propositions and norms of representation 262

5. Concerning the truth and falsehood of necessary propositions 270

6. What necessary truths are about 280

7. Illusions of correspondence: ideal objects, kinds of reality and ultra–physics 283

8. The psychology and epistemology of the a priori 289

(i) Knowledge 289

(ii) Belief 291

(iii) Certainty 294

(iv) Surprise 298

(v) Discoveries and conjectures 300

(vi) Compulsion 305

9. Propositions of logic and laws of thought 308

10. Alternative forms of representation 320

11. The arbitrariness of grammar 332

12. A kinship to the non–arbitrary 338

13. Proof in mathematics 345

14. Conventionalism 356

Index 371

O autorze

G. P. Baker was a Fellow of St John′s College, Oxford from 1967 until his death in 2002.

P. M. S. Hacker is an Emeritus Research Fellow at St John s College, Oxford, and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kent at Canterbury.

Blurb

This is an extensively revised second edition of Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity, the second volume of Baker and Hacker′s renowned analytical commentary on Wittgenstein′s Philosophical Investigations. Comprising both detailed exegesis and interpretative essays, this edition includes comprehensively revised coverage of some of the most important and widely discussed passages in Wittgenstein′s entire writings, namely his intricate and controversial remarks on following rules (§§189 242). The new edition draws on the full resources of the search engine of the electronic publication of the Nachlass and takes into account the extensive debates on the themes associated with these sections of Wittgenstein′s masterwork over the last quarter of a century.

All the essays have been revised and one new essay on communitarian and individualist conceptions of rule–following has been added to the previous six. These deal with the relationship between the alternative continuations of the early draft of the Investigations; with Wittgenstein′s conception of grammar and rules of grammar; with the relation between a rule and what accords with it; with the characterization of rule–following as mastery of a technique manifest in practice; with the notion of a form of life and agreements in definitions and judgements. The major essay ′Grammar and necessity′ has been greatly extended. It provides an overview of Wittgenstein′s revolutionary and little understood analysis of the propositions of logic, mathematics and metaphysics.

Insightful and thought–provoking, the second edition of Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity constitutes a key contribution to the ongoing analysis of one of the most influential philosophical works of the 20th century.