Wind and Trees

ISBN-13: 9780521460378 / Angielski / Twarda / 1995 / 504 str.

M. P. Coutts; J. Grace

Opis

Winds over topography and inside forests produce mechanical reactions in trees, and eventually failure in stems and roots when stressed by storms. The mechanics of these reactions and the physiological responses to wind in leaves, stems and root systems, and the important ecological consequences of wind-throw are described in this book. Management techniques of forests in windy climates are detailed, including the use of models predicting risk of wind damage. It is clear that the whole field of wind effects on trees has benefited from recent multi-disciplinary research, and significant advances in knowledge of most parts of the subject have been made in the last decade. This book brings the up-to-date theories, methodologies and results together, and gives the reader a sense of coherence in this complex but fascinating field.

Recenzje

'This book is well referenced and illustrated and … gives a good overview of our current understanding of the interactions between wind and trees in forestry.' Julian F. V. Vincent, Annals of Botany

Spis treści

Part I. Airflow over Topgraphy and in Forests: 1. Turbulent airflow in forests on flat and hilly terrain; 2. The interaction of the wind and tree movement in forest canopies; 3. Edge effects on diffusivity in the roughness layer over a forest; 4. A wind tunnel study of turbulent airflow in forest clearcuts; 5. Testing of a linear airflow model for flow over complex terrain and subject to stable, structured stratification; 6. Predicting windspeeds for forest area in complex terrain; Part II. Mechanics of Trees under Wind Loading: 7. Understanding wind force on trees; 8. Peak mechanical stress in sitka spruce stems; 9. Experimental analysis and mechanical modelling of wind induced tree sways; 10. Failure modes of trees and related failure criteria; 11. An experimental investigation of the effects of dynamic loading on coniferous trees planted on wet mineral soils; 12. Measurement of wind induced tree-root stresses in New Zealand; 13. New methods for the assessment of wood quality in standing trees; Part III. Tree Physiological Responses: 14. Wind induced physiological and developmental responses in trees; 15. Responses of young trees to wind; 16. Wind stability factors in tree selection; 17. Development of buttresses in rainforest trees; Part IV. Impacts of Wind on Forests and Ecology: 18. Hurricane disturbance regimes in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems; 19. A comparison of methods for quantifying catastrophic wind damage to forests; 20. Windthrow and airflow in a subalpine forest; Part V. Risk Assessment and Management Response: 21. Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests; 22. Forest wind damage risk assessment for environmental impact studies; 23. Stem number regulation models and wind stability in Norway spruce stands; 24. Thinning regime in stands of Norway spruce subjected to snow and wind damage; 25. A synopsis of windthrow in British Columbia; 26. Wind damage to New Zealand state plantation forests; 27. The experience of the Selwyn Plantation Board, New Zealand.