'Kage's book will become a touchstone for studies of Japanese legal reform as well as for broader accounts of the politics of lay participation.' Tom Ginsburg, Social Science Japan Journal
1. Introduction; 2. Theoretical framework: participation and partisan politics; 3. The distribution of cases; 4. The history of the lay judge system debate in Japan up to 1996; 5. Bringing the lay judge system back in, 1997–2004; 6. Setting the agenda: new left-oriented parties and deliberations in the Japanese parliament; 7. Proposals for lay participation in the Republic of China; 8. Introducing jury systems in South Korea and Spain; 9. The impact of new lay judge systems; 10. Conclusions.