1. Introduction 2. Catalytic degradation of VOCs 3. Thermal oxidation of VOCs 4. Membrane separation of VOCs 5. Adsorption of VOCs 6. Absorption and condensation of VOCs 7. Traditional functional materials for VOC removal 8. Biochar for VOC removal 9. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for VOC removal 10. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for VOC removal 11. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for VOC removal 12. Nano metal oxides (NMOs) for VOC removal