Introduction and How to Use this Book; 1. Urdu and English: Shared Histories, Shared Vocabularies; 2. The Arabic Element; 3. The Hindi Element; 4. The Persian Element; 5. The Prakrit and Sanskrit Element; Appendix I. Arabic Verbal Noun Charts; Appendix II: Hindi Verbal Noun Charts; Appendix III: Persian Verbal Noun Charts; Appendix IV: Sanskrit Verbal Noun Charts; Index of Topics and Lessons.