Underwater Inspection and Repair for Offshore Structures

ISBN-13: 9781119633792 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 368 str.

John V. Sharp; Gerhard Ersdal

Spis treści

1 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERWATER INSPECTION AND REPAIR 11.1 BACKGROUND 11.2 WHY DO WE INSPECT AND REPAIR STRUCTURES 21.3 TYPES OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 51.3.1 Fixed steel structures 71.3.2 Floating structures 71.3.3 Concrete platforms 81.4 OVERVIEW OF THIS BOOK 91.5 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 101.6 REFERENCES 102 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS FOR INSPECTION AND REPAIR OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 112.1 INTRODUCTION 112.2 EXAMPLES OF COUNTRY STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 122.2.1 Introduction 122.2.2 Regulation in US offshore industry 132.2.3 Regulation in UK offshore industry 132.2.4 Regulation in Norwegian offshore industry 142.3 STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 142.3.1 Introduction 142.3.2 API RP-2A and API RP-2SIM (Structural Integrity Management) 152.3.3 API RP-2FSIM (Floating Systems Integrity Management) 182.3.4 ISO 19902 192.3.5 ISO 19901-9 202.3.6 NORSOK N-005 202.4 STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES FOR MOORING SYSTEMS 202.4.1 Introduction 202.4.2 API RP-2MIM (Mooring Integrity Management) 212.4.3 IACS Guideline for survey of offshore moorings 222.5 STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE NOTES FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES 232.5.1 Introduction 232.5.2 ISO 19903 - concrete structures 232.5.3 Department of Energy Guidance Notes 272.5.4 NORSOK N-005 - concrete structures 282.6 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 292.7 REFERENCES 303 DAMAGE TYPES IN OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 333.1 INTRODUCTION 333.1.1 General 333.1.2 Corrosion 343.1.3 Cracking due to fatigue 363.1.4 Dents, bows and gauges due to impact 373.1.5 Cracking due to Hydrogen Embrittlement 373.1.6 Erosion, wear and tear 383.1.7 Brittle Fracture 383.1.8 Grout crushing and slippage 383.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON DAMAGE TO OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 383.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON DAMAGE TO FIXED STEEL STRUCTURES 393.3.1 MTD Underwater inspection of steel offshore structures 393.3.2 MTD Review of repairs to offshore structures and pipelines 413.3.3 PMB AIM project for MMS 413.3.4 HSE study on causes of damage to fixed steel structures 443.3.5 Single sided closure welds 453.3.6 MSL Rationalization and optimization of underwater inspection planning report 463.3.7 Studies on hurricane and storm damage 483.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON DAMAGE TO FLOATING STEEL STRUCTURES 513.4.1 D.En. studies on semi-submersibles 513.4.2 SSC review of damage types to ship shaped structures 513.4.3 Defect type for tanker structure components 523.4.4 Semisubmersible flooding incident data 533.5 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON DAMAGE TYPES TO MOORING LINES AND ANCHORS 543.5.1 Introduction and damage statistics for moorings 543.5.2 API RP-2MIM overview of damage types to mooring lines 553.5.3 HSE studies on mooring systems 563.5.4 Studies on corrosion of mooring systems 573.5.5 Studies on fatigue of mooring systems 583.6 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES 593.6.1 Concrete in the Ocean project 593.6.2 Durability of offshore concrete structures 603.6.3 PSA study on damage to offshore concrete structures 603.7 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON MARINE GROWTH (MARINE FOULING) 623.8 SUMMARY OF DAMAGE AND ANOMALIES TO OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 643.8.1 General 643.8.2 Damage types specific to steel structures 653.8.3 Damage types specific to concrete structures 653.8.4 Summary table of damage to different types of structures 653.9 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 683.10 REFERENCES 684 INSPECTION METHODS FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES UNDERWATER 704.1 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERWATER INSPECTION 704.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON INSPECTION 724.2.1 Introduction 724.2.2 SSC survey of non-destructive test methods 724.2.3 Underwater inspection / testing / monitoring of offshore structures 744.2.4 HSE Handbook for underwater inspectors 754.2.5 MTD Underwater inspection of steel offshore structures 754.2.6 Department of Energy Fourth edition Guidance Notes on surveys 764.2.7 HSE Detection of damage to underwater tubulars and its effect on strength 774.2.8 MSL Rationalization and optimization of underwater inspection planning report 794.2.9 Projects on testing of inspection methods and their reliability 834.2.10 Concrete in the ocean programme 854.3 INSPECTION AND INSPECTION METHODS 894.3.1 Introduction 894.3.2 Visual inspection 904.3.3 Ultrasonic testing methods 924.3.4 Electromagnetic methods 934.3.5 Radiographic testing 954.3.6 Flooded member detection 954.3.7 Rebound hammer 974.3.8 Chloride ingress test 974.3.9 Electro-potential mapping 984.3.10 Cathodic protection inspection 994.4 DEPLOYMENT METHODS 1014.4.1 Introduction 1014.4.2 Divers 1014.4.3 ROV and AUV 1024.4.4 Splash zone access 1054.4.5 Summary of inspection methods and their deployment 1064.5 COMPETENCY OF INSPECTION PERSONNEL AND ORGANISATIONS 1074.5.1 Introduction 1074.5.2 Regulatory requirements on competency 1074.5.3 Requirements on competency in standards 1084.5.4 Certification and training of inspectors 1094.5.5 Trials to study inspector competency 1104.5.6 Organisational competency 1104.6 RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENT INSPECTION METHODS UNDERWATER 1124.7 INSPECTION OF FIXED STEEL STRUCTURES 1144.8 INSPECTION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1174.9 INSPECTION OF FLOATING STRUCTURES AND MOORING SYSTEMS 1204.10 REFERENCES 1235 STRUCTURAL MONITORING METHODS 1275.1 INTRODUCTION 1275.1.1 General 1275.1.2 Historical background 1275.1.3 Requirements for monitoring in standards 1305.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON STRUCTURAL MONITORING METHODS 1315.2.1 MTD Underwater inspection of steel offshore installations 1315.2.2 HSE review of structural monitoring 1325.2.3 HSE updated review of structural monitoring 1345.2.4 SIMoNET 1365.3 STRUCTURAL MONITORING TECHNIQUES 1365.3.1 Introduction 1365.3.2 Acoustic emission technique 1365.3.3 Leak detection 1375.3.4 Global positioning systems and radar 1375.3.5 Fatigue gauge 1385.3.6 Continuous flooded member detection 1385.3.7 Natural frequency monitoring 1385.3.8 Strain Monitoring 1395.3.9 Riser and anchor chain monitoring 1405.3.10 Acoustic fingerprinting 1405.3.11 Monitoring with guided waves 1405.4 STRUCTURAL MONITORING CASE STUDY 1405.5 SUMMARY ON STRUCTURAL MONITORING 1415.6 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 1435.7 REFERENCES 1436 INSPECTION PLANNING, PROGRAMME AND DATA MANAGEMENT 1456.1 INTRODUCTION 1456.1.1 General 1456.1.2 Long term inspection plan 1466.1.3 Approaches for long-term inspection planning 1486.1.4 Inspection programme 1506.1.5 Integrity data management 1516.1.6 Key performance Indicators 1546.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON LONG-TERM PLANNING OF INSPECTIONS 1556.2.1 PMB AIM project for MMS 1556.2.2 MSL Rationalization and optimization of underwater inspection planning report 1566.2.3 HSE study on the effects of local joint flexibility 1576.2.4 HSE ageing plant report 1576.2.5 Studies on risk based and probabilistic inspection planning 1586.2.6 EI guide to risk based inspection planning 1616.3 SUMMARY ON INSPECTION PLANNING AND PROGRAMME 1626.3.1 Introduction 1626.3.2 Fixed steel platforms 1626.3.3 Floating steel structures 1636.3.4 Concrete platforms 1646.4 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 1656.5 REFERENCES 1657 EVALUATION OF DAMAGE AND ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURES 1687.1 INTRODUCTION 1687.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF DAMAGED TUBULARS 1707.2.1 Remaining fatigue life of cracked tubular structures 1707.2.2 Static strength of cracked tubular structures 1747.2.3 Effect of Multiple member failure 1787.2.4 Corroded tubular members 1797.2.5 Dent and bow damage to underwater tubulars and their effect on strength 1837.2.6 Studies on assessment of system strength 1877.2.7 PMB AIM project for MMS 1887.2.8 MSL Significant JIP project for MMS 1897.2.9 MSL Assessment of repair techniques for ageing or damaged structures 1927.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF DAMAGED PLATED STRUCTURES 1937.3.1 Introduction 1937.3.2 SSC studies on residual strength of damaged plated marine structures 1937.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON EVALUATION OF DAMAGED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1967.4.1 Department of energy assessment of major damage to the prestressed concrete tower 1967.4.2 Department of Energy review of impact damage caused by dropped objects 1977.4.3 HSE review of durability of prestressing components 1977.4.4 HSE review of major hazards to concrete platforms 1987.4.5 Department of Energy review of the effects of temperature gradients 1987.4.6 Concrete in the oceans review of corrosion protection of concrete structures 1987.4.7 Norwegian road administration guideline V441 1997.5 PRACTICE OF EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2007.5.1 General 2007.5.2 Fixed and floating steel structures 2027.5.3 Concrete structures 2057.6 REFERENCES 2068 REPAIR AND MITIGATION OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2128.1 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERWATER REPAIR 2128.2 PREVIOUS GENERIC STUDIES ON REPAIR OF STRUCTURES 2148.2.1 UEG report on repair to North Sea offshore structures 2148.2.2 MTD study on repairs of offshore structures 2148.2.3 UK Department of Energy Fourth edition Guidance Notes 2188.2.4 DNV GL study on repair methods for PSA 2198.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON REPAIR OF TUBULAR STRUCTURES 2218.3.1 Grout repairs to steel offshore structures 2218.3.2 UK Joint Industry Repairs Research Project 2238.3.3 UK Department of Energy and TWI study on repair methods for fixed offshore structures 2248.3.4 UK Department of Energy funded work on adhesive repairs 2298.3.5 Residual and fatigue strength of grout filled damaged tubular members 2318.3.6 Fatigue Life Enhancement of Tubular Joints by Grout Injection. 2328.3.7 ATLSS projects on repair to dent damaged tubular members 2328.3.8 ATLSS projects on repair to corrosion damaged tubulars 2348.3.9 MSL Strengthening, modification and repair of offshore installations 2358.3.10 MSL Underwater structural repairs using composite materials 2378.3.11 HSE Experience from the use of clamps offshore 2388.3.12 MSL study on neoprene lined clamps 2408.3.13 MSL Repair techniques for ageing and damaged structures 2408.3.14 MMS studies on hurricane damage and repair 2448.3.15 BOEME report on wet weld repairs to US structures 2448.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON REPAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2468.4.1 Introduction 2468.4.2 Repair of major damage to concrete offshore structures 2478.4.3 Scaling of underwater concrete repairs 2488.4.4 Assessment of Materials for Repair of Damaged Concrete Underwater 2498.4.5 Effectiveness of concrete repairs 2548.5 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON REPAIR OF PLATED STRUCTURES 2558.6 REPAIR OF STEEL STRUCTURES 2588.6.1 Introduction 2588.6.2 Selection of mitigation and repair methods 2598.6.3 Machining methods (grinding) 2628.6.4 Re-melting methods 2648.6.5 Weld residual stress improvement methods (peening) 2658.6.6 Stop holes and crack deflecting holes 2658.6.7 Structural modifications 2688.6.8 Underwater welding 2688.6.9 Doubler plates 2728.6.10 Removal of structural elements 2728.6.11 Bonded type repairs 2738.6.12 Structural clamps and sleeves 2748.6.13 Grout filling of members 2778.6.14 Grout filling of tubular joints 2788.6.15 Installation of new structural elements 2798.6.16 Summary of steel repairs 2808.7 REPAIR OF CORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS 2838.7.1 Introduction 2838.7.2 Repair of damaged coatings 2838.7.3 Replacement of material 2848.7.4 Repair or replacement of the corrosion protection system 2848.8 REPAIR OF MOORING SYSTEMS 2858.9 REPAIR OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2868.9.1 Introduction 2868.9.2 Choice of repair method 2888.9.3 Concrete material replacement 2888.9.4 Injection methods 2918.9.5 Repair of reinforcement and prestressing tendons 2928.9.6 Summary of concrete repairs 2928.10 OVERVIEW OF OTHER MITIGATION METHODS 2938.11 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 2948.12 REFERENCES 2949 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES 3009.1 OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK 3009.2 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 3009.3 FINAL THOUGHTS 3029.4 REFERENCES 303

O autorze

John V. Sharp is a Visiting Professor at Cranfield University, UK. His main research interests include the ageing and life extension of structures and their inspection and repair. Formerly he was responsible for the UK Health & Safety Executive's offshore research programme.Gerhard Ersdal is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Material science at the University of Stavanger, Norway. His main research interests include structural integrity management, life extension of structures, and risk management.