Understanding Physics

ISBN-13: 9781119519508 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 656 str.

Michael M. Mansfield; Colm O'Sullivan

Spis treści

Preface to third edition xv1 Understanding the physical universe 11.1 The programme of physics 11.2 The building blocks of matter 21.3 Matter in bulk 41.4 The fundamental interactions 51.5 Exploring the physical universe: the scientific method 51.6 The role of physics; its scope and applications 72 Using mathematical tools in physics 92.1 Applying the scientific method 92.2 The use of variables to represent displacement and time 92.3 Representation of data 102.4 The use of differentiation in analysis: velocity and acceleration in linear motion 132.5 The use of integration in analysis 162.6 Maximum and minimum values of physical variables: general linear motion 212.7 Angular motion: the radian 222.8 The role of mathematics in physics 24Worked examples 25Chapter 2 problems (up.ucc.ie/2/) 273 The causes of motion: dynamics 293.1 The concept of force 293.2 The First law of Dynamics (Newton's first law) 303.3 The fundamental dynamical principle (Newton's second law) 313.4 Systems of units: SI 333.5 Time dependent forces: oscillatory motion 373.6 Simple harmonic motion 393.7 Mechanical work and energy 423.8 Plots of potential energy functions 453.9 Power 463.10 Energy in simple harmonic motion 473.11 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion 483.11.1 Trial solution technique for solving the damped harmonic motion equation (up.ucc.ie/3/11/1/) 503.12 Forced oscillations (up.ucc.ie/3/12/) 513.13 Non-linear dynamics: chaos (up.ucc.ie/3/13/) 523.14 Phase space representation of dynamical systems (up.ucc.ie/3/14/) 52Worked examples 52Chapter 3 problems (up.ucc.ie/3/) 564 Motion in two and three dimensions 574.1 Vector physical quantities 574.2 Vector algebra 584.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors 624.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics 634.5 Constraint forces 644.6 Friction 664.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force 684.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed 694.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration 714.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum 714.10.1 Large angle corrections for the simple pendulum (up.ucc.ie/4/10/1/) 724.11 Angular quantities as vector: the cross product 72Worked examples 75Chapter 4 problems (up.ucc.ie/4/) 785 Force fields 795.1 Newton's law of universal gravitation 795.2 Force fields 805.3 The concept of flux 815.4 Gauss's law for gravitation 825.5 Applications of Gauss's law 845.6 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles 865.7 Mechanical work and energy 885.8 Power 935.9 Energy in a constant uniform field 945.10 Energy in an inverse square law field 945.11 Moment of a force: angular momentum 975.12 Planetary motion: circular orbits 985.13 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler's laws 995.13.1 Conservation of the Runge-Lens vector (up.ucc.ie/5/13/1/) 100Worked examples 101Chapter 5 problems (up.ucc.ie/5/) 1046 Many-body interactions 1056.1 Newton's third law 1056.2 The principle of conservation of momentum 1086.3 Mechanical energy of systems of particles 1096.4 Particle decay 1106.5 Particle collisions 1116.6 The centre of mass of a system of particles 1156.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass 1166.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles 1196.9 Conservation principles in physics 120Worked examples 121Chapter 6 problems (up.ucc.ie/6/) 1257 Rigid body dynamics 1277.1 Rigid bodies 1277.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics 1287.3 Torque 1297.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies 1307.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance 1317.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia 1327.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem 1337.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies 1357.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems 1367.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power 1387.11 Gyroscopic motion 1407.11.1 Precessional angular velocity of a top (up.ucc.ie/7/11/1/) 1417.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions 141Worked examples 141Chapter 7 problems (up.ucc.ie/7/) 1448 Relative motion 1458.1 Applicability of Newton's laws of motion: inertial reference frames 1458.2 The Galilean transformation 1468.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame 1498.4 Example of a non-inertial frame: centrifugal force 1538.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force 1558.6 The Foucault pendulum 1588.6.1 Precession of a Foucault pendulum (up.ucc.ie/8/6/1/) 1588.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view 158Worked examples 159Chapter 8 problems (up.ucc.ie/8/) 1639 Special relativity 1659.1 The velocity of light 1659.1.1 The Michelson-Morley experiment (up.ucc.ie/9/1/1/) 1659.2 The principle of relativity 1669.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity 1669.4 The Lorentz transformation 1689.5 The Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction 1719.6 Time dilation 1729.7 Paradoxes in special relativity 1739.7.1 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox (up.ucc.ie/9/7/1/) 1749.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity 1749.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics 1769.10 Four-vectors: the energy-momentum 4-vector 1779.11 Energy-momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation 1799.11.1 The force transformations (up.ucc.ie/9/11/1/) 1809.12 Relativistic energy: mass-energy equivalence 1809.13 Units in relativistic mechanics 1839.14 Mass-energy equivalence in practice 1849.15 General relativity 185Worked examples 185Chapter 9 problems (up.ucc.ie/9/) 18810 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials: microscopic models of matter 18910.1 Dynamics of continuous media 18910.2 Elastic properties of solids 19010.3 Fluids at rest 19310.4 Elastic properties of fluids 19510.5 Pressure in gases 19610.6 Archimedes' principle 19610.7 Fluid dynamics; the Bernoulli equation 19810.8 Viscosity 20110.9 Surface properties of liquids 20210.10 Boyle's law (or Mariotte's law) 20410.11 A microscopic theory of gases 20510.12 The SI unit of amount of substance; the mole 20710.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases 20810.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems 210Worked examples 212Chapter 10 problems (up.ucc.ie/10/) 21411 Thermal physics 21511.1 Friction and heating 21511.2 The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin 21611.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems 21611.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry 21811.5 Thermal conductivity 21911.6 Convection 22011.7 Thermal radiation 22111.8 Thermal expansion 22211.9 The first law of thermodynamics 22411.10 Change of phase: latent heat 22511.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas 22611.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion 22711.13 The Carnot cycle 23011.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics 23111.15 The Helmholtz and Gibbs functions 233Worked examples 234Chapter 11 problems (up.ucc.ie/11/) 23612 Microscopic models of thermal systems: kinetic theory of matter 23712.1 Microscopic interpretation of temperature 23712.2 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy 23912.3 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the 'law of atmospheres' 24112.4 Ensemble averages and distribution functions 24212.5 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas 24312.6 Distribution of molecular speeds 24412.7 Distribution of molecular energies; Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics 24612.8 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids 247Worked examples 248Chapter 12 problems (up.ucc.ie/12/) 24913 Wave motion 25113.1 Characteristics of wave motion 25113.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension 25313.3 Energy and power in wave motion 25513.4 Plane and spherical waves 25613.5 Huygens' principle: the laws of reflection and refraction 25713.6 Interference between waves 25913.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction 26313.8 Standing waves 26513.8.1 Standing waves in a three dimensional cavity (up.ucc.ie/13/8/1/) 26713.9 The Doppler effect 26813.10 The wave equation 27013.11 Waves along a string 27013.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod 27113.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases 27213.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities 27413.15 Other wave forms: Fourier analysis 275Worked examples 279Chapter 13 problems (up.ucc.ie/13/) 28014 Introduction to quantum mechanics 28114.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century 28114.2 The blackbody radiation problem: Planck's quantum hypothesis 28214.3 The specific heat capacity of gases 28414.4 The specific heat capacity of solids 28414.5 The photoelectric effect 28514.5.1 Example of an experiment to study the photoelectric effect (up.ucc.ie/14/5/1/) 28514.6 The X-ray continuum 28714.7 The Compton effect: the photon model 28714.8 The de Broglie hypothesis: wave-particle duality 29014.9 Interpretation of wave particle duality 29214.10 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 29314.11 The Schrödinger (wave mechanical) method 29514.12 Probability density; expectation values 29614.12.1 Expectation value of momentum (up.ucc.ie/14/12/1/) 29714.13 The free particle 29814.14 The time-independent Schrödinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues 30014.14.1 Derivation of the Ehrenfest theorem (up.ucc.ie/14/14/1/) 30114.15 The infinite square potential well 30314.16 Potential steps 30514.17 Other potential wells and barriers 31114.18 The simple harmonic oscillator 31314.18.1 Ground state of the simple harmonic oscillator (up.ucc.ie/14/18/1/) 31314.19 Further implications of quantum mechanics 313Worked examples 314Chapter 14 problems (up.ucc.ie/14/) 31615 Electric currents 31715.1 Electric currents 31715.2 The electric current model; electric charge 31815.3 The SI unit of electric current; the ampere 32015.4 Heating effect revisited; electrical resistance 32115.5 Strength of a power supply; emf 32315.6 Resistance of a circuit 32415.7 Potential difference 32415.8 Effect of internal resistance 32615.9 Comparison of emfs; the potentiometer 32815.10 Multiloop circuits 32915.11 Kirchhoff's rules 33015.12 Comparison of resistances; the Wheatstone bridge 33115.13 Power supplies connected in parallel 33215.14 Resistivity and conductivity 33315.15 Variation of resistance with temperature 334Worked examples 335Chapter 15 problems (up.ucc.ie/15/) 33816 Electric fields 33916.1 Electric charges at rest 33916.2 Electric fields: electric field strength 34116.3 Forces between point charges: Coulomb's law 34216.4 Electric flux and electric flux density 34316.5 Electric fields due to systems of charges 34416.6 The electric dipole 34616.7 Gauss's law for electrostatics 34916.8 Applications of Gauss's law 34916.9 Potential difference in electric fields 35216.10 Electric potential 35316.11 Equipotential surfaces 35516.12 Determination of electric field strength from electric potential 35616.13 Acceleration of charged particles 35716.14 The laws of electrostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/16/14) 358Worked examples 359Chapter 16 problems (up.ucc.ie/16/) 36117 Electric fields in materials; the capacitor 36317.1 Conductors in electric fields 36317.2 Insulators in electric fields; polarization 36417.3 Electric susceptibility 36717.4 Boundaries between dielectric media 36817.5 Ferroelectricity and paraelectricity; permanently polarised materials 36917.6 Uniformly polarised rod; the 'bar electret' 37017.7 Microscopic models of electric polarization 37217.8 Capacitors 37317.9 Examples of capacitors with simple geometry 37417.10 Energy stored in an electric field 37617.11 Capacitors in series and in parallel 37717.12 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor 37817.13 Measurement of permittivity 379Worked examples 380Chapter 17 problems (up.ucc.ie/17/) 38218 Magnetic fields 38318.1 Magnetism 38318.2 The work of Ampère, Biot, and Savart 38518.3 Magnetic pole strength 38618.4 Magnetic field strength 38718.5 Ampère's law 38818.6 The Biot-Savart law 39018.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law 39218.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density 39318.9 Magnetic fields of permanent magnets; magnetic dipoles 39418.10 Forces between magnets; Gauss's law for magnetism 39518.11 The laws of magnetostatics in differential form (up.ucc.ie/18/11/) 396Worked examples 396Chapter 18 problems (up.ucc.ie/18/) 39719 Interactions between magnetic fields and electric currents; magnetic materials 39919.1 Forces between currents and magnets 39919.2 The force between two long parallel wires 40019.3 Current loop in a magnetic field 40119.4 Magnetic fields due to moving charges 40319.5 Force on a moving electric charge in a magnetic field 40319.6 Applications of moving charges in uniform magnetic fields; the classical Hall effect 40419.7 Charge in a combined electric and magnetic field; the Lorentz force 40719.8 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits 40719.9 Polarisation of magnetic materials; magnetisation, magnetic susceptibility 40819.10 Paramagnetism and diamagnetism 40919.11 Boundaries between magnetic media 41119.12 Ferromagnetism; permanent magnets revisited 41119.13 Moving coil meters and electric motors 41219.14 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames (up.ucc.ie/19/14/) 414Worked examples 414Chapter 19 problems (up.ucc.ie/19) 41620 Electromagnetic induction: time-varying emfs 41720.1 The principle of electromagnetic induction 41720.2 Simple applications of electromagnetic induction 42020.3 Self-inductance 42120.4 The series L-R circuit 42420.5 Discharge of a capacitor through an inductor and a resistor 42520.6 Time-varying emfs: mutual inductance: transformers 42720.7 Alternating current (a.c.) 42920.8 Alternating current transformers 43220.9 Resistance, capacitance, and inductance in a.c. circuits 43320.10 The series L-C-R circuit: phasor diagrams 43520.11 Power in an a.c. circuit 438Worked examples 439Chapter 20 problems (up.ucc.ie/20/) 44121 Maxwell's equations: electromagnetic radiation 44321.1 Reconsideration of the laws of electromagnetism: Maxwell's equations 44321.2 Plane electromagnetic waves 44621.3 Experimental observation of electromagnetic radiation 44821.4 The electromagnetic spectrum 44921.5 Polarisation of electromagnetic waves 45121.6 Energy, momentum and angular momentum in electromagnetic waves 45421.7 The photon model revisited 45721.8 Reflection of electromagnetic waves at an interface between non-conducting media (up.ucc.ie/21/8/) 45821.9 Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium (up.ucc.ie/21/9/) 45821.10 Invariance of electromagnetism under the Lorentz transformation (up.ucc.ie/21/10/) 45821.11 Maxwell's equations in differential form (up.ucc.ie/21/11/) 458Worked examples 459Chapter 21 problems (up.ucc.ie/21/) 46122 Wave optics 46322.1 Electromagnetic nature of light 46322.2 Coherence: the laser 46522.3 Diffraction at a single slit 46722.4 Two slit interference and diffraction: Young's double slit experiment 47022.5 Multiple slit interference: the diffraction grating 47222.6 Diffraction of X-rays: Bragg scattering 47522.7 The SI unit of luminous intensity, the candela 478Worked examples 479Chapter 22 problems (up.ucc.ie/22/) 48023 Geometrical optics 48123.1 The ray model: geometrical optics 48123.2 Reflection of light 48123.3 Image formation by spherical mirrors 48223.4 Refraction of light 48523.5 Refraction at successive plane interfaces 48923.6 Image formation by spherical lenses 49123.7 Image formation of extended objects: magnification; telescopes and microscopes 49523.8 Dispersion of light 497Worked examples 498Chapter 23 problems (up.ucc.ie/23/) 50124 Atomic physics 50324.1 Atomic models 50324.2 The spectrum of hydrogen: the Rydberg formula 50524.3 The Bohr postulates 50624.4 The Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom 50724.5 The quantum mechanical (Schrödinger) solution of the one-electron atom 51024.5.1 The angular and radial equations for a one-electron atom (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 51324.5.2 The radial solutions of the lowest energy state of hydrogen (up.ucc.ie/24/5/2/) 51324.6 Interpretation of the one-electron atom eigenfunctions 51424.7 Intensities of spectral lines: selection rules 51724.7.1 Radiation from an accelerated charge (up.ucc.ie/24/7/1/) 51824.7.2 Expectation value of the electric dipole moment (up.ucc.ie/24/7/2/) 51824.8 Quantisation of angular momentum 51824.8.1 The angular momentum quantisation equations (up.ucc.ie/24/8/1/) 51924.9 Magnetic effects in one-electron atoms: the Zeeman effect 52024.10 The Stern-Gerlach experiment: electron spin 52124.10.1 The Zeeman effect (up.ucc.ie/24/10/1/) 52324.11 The spin-orbit interaction 52324.11.1 The Thomas precession (up.ucc.ie/24/11/1/) 52424.12 Identical particles in quantum mechanics: the Pauli exclusion principle 52524.13 The periodic table: multielectron atoms 52624.14 The theory of multielectron atoms 52924.15 Further uses of the solutions of the one-electron atom 529Worked examples 530Chapter 24 problems (up.ucc.ie/24/) 53225 Electrons in solids: quantum statistics 53325.1 Bonding in molecules and solids 53325.2 The classical free electron model of solids 53725.3 The quantum mechanical free electron model: the Fermi energy 53925.4 The electron energy distribution at 0 K 54125.5 Electron energy distributions at T>0 K 54425.5.1 The quantum distribution functions (up.ucc.ie/24/5/1/) 54425.6 Specific heat capacity and conductivity in the quantum free electron model 54425.7 Quantum statistics: systems of bosons 54625.8 Superconductivity 547Worked examples 548Chapter 25 problems (up.ucc.ie/25/) 54926 Semiconductors 55126.1 The band theory of solids 55126.2 Conductors, insulators and semiconductors 55226.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic (doped) semiconductors 55326.4 Junctions in conductors 55526.5 Junctions in semiconductors; the p-n junction 55626.6 Biased p-n junctions; the semiconductor diode 55726.7 Photodiodes, particle detectors and solar cells 55826.8 Light emitting diodes; semiconductor lasers 55926.9 The tunnel diode 56026.10 Transistors 560Worked examples 563Chapter 26 problems (up.ucc.ie/26/) 56427 Nuclear and particle physics 56527.1 Properties of atomic nuclei 56527.2 Nuclear binding energies 56727.3 Nuclear models 56827.4 Radioactivity 57127.5 alpha-, beta- and gamma-decay 57227.6 Detection of radiation: units of radioactivity 57527.7 Nuclear reactions 57727.8 Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion 57827.9 Fission reactors 57927.10 Thermonuclear fusion 58127.11 Sub-nuclear particles 58427.12 The quark model 587Worked examples 591Chapter 27 problems (up.ucc.ie/27/) 592Appendix A: Mathematical rules and formulas 593Appendix B: Some fundamental physical constants 611Appendix C: Some astrophysical and geophysical data 613Appendix D: The international system of units -- SI 615Bibliography 619Index 621

O autorze

MICHAEL MANSFIELD, PHD, is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Physics, University College Cork, Ireland.COLM O'SULLIVAN, PHD, is Emeritus Professor in the Physics Department, University College Cork, Ireland.