Ultrasound Diagnosis of Digestive Diseases

ISBN-13: 9783642970979 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 648 str.

Francis S. Weill; F. Winsberg; F. Winsberg

Opis

During the 1970s ultrasonography developed along different paths in continental Eu rope and the English-speaking world. Whereas static imaging dominated the United Kingdom and North America, real-time examination performed by physicians was the norm in the Federal Republic of Germany and France. Francis Weill was uniquely able to bridge the gap between the two schools since he employed both techniques extensively. He made many important contributions to ab dominal ultrasonography during that decade, including the first descriptions of peri pancreatic vascular anatomy, the sonographic diagnostic features of obstructive jaun dice, and the localization of intraperitoneal fluid collections. During the past 20 years he has been working on an evolving textbook of gastroin testinal ultrasonography. This edition in English is the latest fruit of that effort. There are many textbooks of ultrasonography but very few are the work of a single author with a systematic, consistent, and thoroughly organized approach. Moreover, a work that has been crafted and refined by 20 years of clinical experience is certainly unique in this field. My relationship to this book began with the first English edition which I helped to translate from French. The current volume is a revised version of the most recent French edition, a book that we have found to be an invaluable reference in our de partment of radiological ultrasound for anyone who can manage a bit of French. I ."

Spis treści

1 General Principles.- 1 Principles of Ultrasonography and Types of Ultrasound Imaging.- Principles of Ultrasound Laminagraphy.- Static Scanning (Contact).- Dynamic Imaging (Real-time).- Mechanical Scanners.- Arrays (Linear, Curved, Phased).- Doppler Ultrasound.- Interventional Sonology.- Other Techniques.- Contact and Real-time Scanning in 1989.- Image Quality.- Spatial Resolution.- Contrast Resolution.- References and Further Reading.- 2 Types of Tissue Echo Pattern and Artifacts.- Contour Images.- Tissue Images.- Liquid and Solid Regions.- Semisolid Echotexture.- Tissue Identification or Characterization.- Ultrasound Contrast Agents.- Tubular Images.- Duplex Imaging.- Artifacts.- Acoustic Shadowing.- Other Artifacts.- Slice-Thickness Artifacts.- Reverberation and Comet Tails.- Mirror Artifacts.- Artifacts Behind Cysts.- Artifacts of Velocity.- References and Further Reading.- 3 Examination Methods and Positioning.- Preparation of the Patient.- Positions and Scanning Planes.- Ultrasonically Guided Biopsy and Drainage.- Choice of Ultrasound Equipment.- Documentation.- Who Should Conduct the Examination?.- References and Further Reading.- 4 An Anatomic Guide in Examination of the Upper Abdomen: Echoangiography.- The Aorta.- Branches of the Aorta.- The Vena Cava.- Branches of the Vena Cava.- The Portal System.- References and Further Reading.- 2 The Liver.- 5 Examination Techniques.- Choice of Techniques.- Failures.- Views and Patient Positions.- Preparation of the Patient.- Doppler Examination.- Intraoperative Ultrasound Examination.- Ultrasonographically Guided Biopsy.- References and Further Reading.- 6 Sonoanatomy of the Liver.- General Shape and Contours.- Contours.- Size.- Hepatic Parenchyma.- Tubular Structures.- Sectorial and Segmental Anatomy.- Ultrasonographic Anatomic Relations.- Conclusion.- References and Further Reading.- 7 Hepatomegaly and Diffuse Liver Diseases.- The Criteria for Hepatomegaly.- Relations of the Liver to the Costal Margin; Angle and Tangent Signs.- Liver and Costal Margin.- The Tangent Sign.- The Angles.- Intercostal Bulges.- Liver Volume.- Nonspecific Hepatomegaly.- Cardiac Liver.- Hepatitis.- Congenital Fibrosis.- Other Nonspecific Hepatomegalies.- Storage Diseases.- References and Further Reading.- 8 Metastases.- Technical Data.- Elementary Signs.- Contour Abnormalities.- Changes in Echotexture.- Nodules.- Tubular Signs.- Discussion of the Elementary Signs.- The Bump Sign.- The Margin Sign.- Hypoechoic Regions.- Hyperechoic Regions.- Ultrasound Features of Hepatic Metastases.- Solitary Nodules.- Multiple Nodules.- Histologic Correlations.- Lymphomas and Lymphoid Splenomegaly.- Hepatic Signs.- Associated Signs.- Metastases and Chemotherapy.- Interventional Sonology.- Differential Diagnosis.- Reliability and Diagnostic Strategy.- Conduct of the Examination and Final Diagnosis.- References and Further Reading.- 9 Primary Tumors of the Liver.- Malignant Tumors.- Hepatocellular Carcinomas (Hepatocarcinoma) Fibrolamellar Hepatocarcinoma, Cholangiocarcinoma.- Diagnosis of Lesions.- Diagnosis of Spread.- Distal Spread.- Interventional Sonology and Radiology in Hepatocarcinoma.- Benign Tumors.- Adenomas and Focal Nodular Hyperplasia.- Hamartomas.- Cystadenomas.- Lipomas and Angiomyolipomas.- Vascular Tumors.- Reliability and Diagnostic Strategy.- The Ultrasonographic Follow-up of Transplanted Livers.- Morphologic Analysis.- Ductal Structures and Parenchyma.- Juxtahepatic Fluid Collection.- Doppler Studies.- Rejection.- References and Further Reading.- 10 Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension.- Morphologic Appearances of Cirrhosis.- Hepatomegaly and the Bright Liver.- Steatosis, Fibrosis, and Hepatic Retraction.- Advanced Fibrosis.- Associated Abnormalities.- Splenomegaly.- Ascites.- Jaundice.- Hepatocarcinoma.- Portal Hypertension.- Etiological Factors in Portal Thrombosis.- Budd-Chiari Syndrome.- Differential Diagnosis.- Screening for Hepatocarcinoma.- References and Further Reading.- 11 Abscesses, Cysts, and Parasitoses.- Abscesses.- Bacterial Abscesses.- Amebic Abscesses.- Congenital Cysts and Biliary Cysts.- Parasitic Cysts.- The Common Hydatid Cyst.- Alveolar echinococcosis.- Other Parasitoses.- References and Further Reading.- 12 Differential Diagnosis.- Confusing Juxtahepatic Images.- Hypoechoic Images.- Hyperechoic Images.- Confusing Anatomic Intrahepatic Images.- Hypoechoic Anatomic Images.- Hyperechoic Anatomic Images.- Contour Images.- Diagnosis of Liver Diseases.- References and Further Reading.- 13 The Postoperative Liver.- References and Further Reading.- 14 Juxtahepatic Liquid Collections, Peritoneum, and Ascites.- Juxtahepatic Collections.- Subcapsular Collections.- Subdiaphragmatic Collections.- Supradiaphragmatic Collections.- Pleural Effusions.- Other Supradiaphragmatic Collections.- Peritoneal Effusions.- Small Effusions and the Anatomy of the Ligaments and Peritoneal Recesses.- Perihepatic Recesses.- Juxtasplenic Recesses.- The Mesentery.- Paracolic Gutters.- Pelvis.- Lesser Sac.- Mesocolon.- Foramen of Winslow.- Peritoneal Anatomy: Comparison of Ultrasound and Computed Tomography.- Abundant Ascites.- Rare Types of Ascites.- Pneumoperitoneum.- References and Further Reading.- 3 The Bile Ducts.- 15 The Bile Ducts: Examination Techniques and Sonoanatomy.- Examination Techniques.- Gallbladder.- Main Bile Duct.- Intrahepatic Bile Ducts.- Interventional Sonology.- Sonoanatomy.- Gallbladder.- Shape and Position.- Gallbladder Wall.- Size.- Relations.- Visualization and Nonvisualization.- Main Bile Duct.- Biliary Convergence and Intrahepatic Bile Ducts.- References and Further Reading.- 16 Biliary Lithiasis and Cholecystitis.- Gallstones.- Direct Sign.- Indirect Sign.- Gallbladder Filled with Calculi.- Hydrops of the Gallbladder.- Differential Diagnosis and Pitfalls.- Direct Findings of Lithiasis.- Papillomas.- Indirect Signs.- Pseudocalculi Due to Parasites.- Hydrops of the Gallbladder.- Lithiasis of the Common Bile Duct.- Intrahepatic Calculi.- Cholecystitis.- Acute Cholecystitis.- Gallbladder Wall.- Gallbladder Contents.- Pain.- Associated Signs.- Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis.- Thickening of the Wall.- Lithiasis and Localized Tenderness.- Chronic Cholecystitis.- General Reliability of Biliary Ultrasonography.- Interventional Sonology.- References and Further Reading.- 17 Rare Abnormalities of the Bile Ducts, Congenital Anomalies, and Tumors.- Cysts of the Bile Ducts.- Caroli’s Syndrome (Ectasia of the Intrahepatic Bile Ducts).- Aerobilia.- Sclerosing Cholangitis.- Tumors of the Gallbladder.- Benign Tumors.- Malignant Tumors.- Small Tumors.- Large Tumors.- Differential Diagnosis.- Tumors of the Bile Ducts.- Extrahepatic.- Intrahepatic.- The Shell Sign.- References and Further Reading.- 4 The Pancreas and Retroperitoneal Space.- 18 Examination of the Pancreas: Techniques.- Review of Anatomy.- Views and Sectional Planes.- Endoscopic and Intraoperative Ultrasonography.- References and Further Reading.- 19 Sonoanatomy of the Pancreas.- Position.- Anatomic Landmarks.- Superior Mesenteric Vessels.- Splenic Vein.- Left Renal Vessels.- Topography.- Shape.- Size.- Echotexture of the Normal Pancreas.- Status of Adjacent Vessels.- Pitfalls.- Congenital Anomalies.- References and Further Reading.- 20 Acute Pancreatitis.- Special Examination Techniques.- Pancreatic Swelling.- Contours.- Echotexture.- Liquid Collections.- Evolution.- Abscesses.- Postoperative Complications.- Diagnostic Strategy.- References and Further Reading.- 21 Fluid Collections of Pancreatic Origin and Pseudocysts.- Definition.- Collections in Situ.- Evolution of Pseudocysts.- Migrating Collections.- Pancreatic Trauma.- Diagnostic Strategy and Other Diagnostic Methods.- References and Further Reading.- 22 Chronic Pancreatitis.- Echotexture.- Contours.- Size.- Acute and Subacute Pancreatitis Developing on Chronic Pancreatitis.- Tubular Structures.- Associated Signs.- Reliability of Ultrasonography and Relations to Other Diagnostic Methods.- References and Further Reading.- 23 Pancreatic Tumors.- General Ultrasonographic Signs.- Tumefaction.- Contours.- Echotexture.- Associated Signs and Spread.- Rare Tumors.- Endocrine Tumors—Nesidioblastomas and Apudomas (Insulinomas, Gastrinomas).- Cystic Tumors—Cystadenomas and Cystadenocarcinomas.- Pancreatic Metastases and Lymphomas.- Relation of Ultrasonography to Other Diagnostic Methods.- Reliability.- Strategy.- Guided Therapeutic Puncture.- References and Further Reading.- 24 Pancreatic Disease: Overview, Differential Diagnosis, and Diagnostic Strategy.- References and Further Reading.- 25 Humps, Lumps, and Sumps: Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Diseases.- Normal Stomach and Intestines.- Duodenum and Stomach.- Duodenum.- Stomach.- Esophagogastric Junction.- Colon.- Jejunum and Ileum.- Malrotation of the Gut.- Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Abdominal Tumors and Pseudotumors.- Gastric and Intestinal Tumors.- Pitfalls Other than Tumors.- Liquid Images.- Solid Masses.- Nonpancreatic Retroperitoneal Tumors.- Adenopathy.- Other Retroperitoneal Tumors.- Summary.- References and Further Reading.- 26 Jaundice.- Examination Technique.- Diagnosis of Dilatation of the Biliary Tree.- Gallbladder.- Extrahepatic Bile Ducts.- Shotgun Sign.- Confusing Images (False Shotgun).- Transitory Dilatation.- Intrahepatic Bile Ducts.- Diagnosis of the Level of Obstruction.- Etiological Diagnosis.- Lithiases.- Intrahepatic Lithiasis.- Choledochal Lithiasis.- Pancreatic and Ampullary Obstructions and Infiltration of the Distal Common Bile Duct.- Suprapancreatic Obstruction.- Hilar and Intrahepatic Obstructions.- Congenital Anomalies.- Postoperative Jaundice.- Hepatitis-Induced Intrahepatic Cholestasis.- Reliability and Radiologic Strategy.- References and Further Reading.- 5 The Spleen, the Acute Abdomen, and Emergencies.- 27 The Spleen: Examination Techniques and Sonoanatomy.- Examination Techniques.- Without Splenomegaly.- Splenomegaly.- Sonoanatomy.- General Shape and Contours.- Echotexture.- Accessory Spleen, Wandering Spleen, and Polysplenia.- Anatomic Relations.- Particular Appearances.- Size Criteria.- 28 The Pathologic Spleen.- Nonspecific Splenomegaly.- Splenic Lesions of Lymphomas and Other Tumors.- Lymphomas.- Other Tumors.- Benign.- Malignant.- Cysts.- Infarcts, Spontaneous Hematomas, and Abscesses.- Infarcts and Hematomas.- Abscesses.- Spontaneous Ruptures and Traumatic Lesions.- Differential Diagnosis.- Reliability and Diagnostic Strategy.- References and Further Reading.- 29 The Acute Abdomen—Abscesses, Hematomas, and Postoperative Collections.- Special Techniques.- Abscesses.- General Characteristics.- Echotexture.- Contours.- Topography.- Extraperitoneal Abscesses.- Intraperitoneal Abscesses.- Postoperative Collections.- Abscesses.- Other Collections.- Foreign Bodies.- Evolution.- Hematomas.- General Characteristics.- Topography.- Evolution.- The Acute Abdomen.- Acute Painful Right Upper Quadrant.- Acute Painful Left Upper Quadrant.- Painful Syndromes with Shock.- Acute Appendicitis.- Syndromes of Intestinal Obstruction.- Acute Abdominal Complications of AIDS.- Abdominal Trauma.- Traumatic Lesions of the Liver.- Traumatic Lesions of the Spleen.- Pancreatic Trauma.- Intestinal Contusions.- Other Lesions.- Interventional Sonology.- Reliability of Ultrasonography—Comparison with Other Procedures.- Conclusion.- References and Further Reading.- 6 Conclusion.- 30 Some Practical Advice, or. How to Do Better than We Did.- Choice of Ultrasonographic Apparatus.- Sophisticated, Specialized, Automated, and Basic Apparatus.- Practical Training.