Tumours of the Larynx: Histopathology and Clinical Inferences

ISBN-13: 9783642711022 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 221 str.

Erhard Meyer-Breiting; Arne Burkhardt; J. Olofsson

Opis

Close cooperation between those involved in clinical treatment and pathology is imperative in head and neck surgery, as in all surgical fields. The degree of cooperation depends, on the one hand, on the knowledge that the head and neck surgeon has about the possibilities and limits that confront the pathologist, and on the other hand, on the knowledge that the pathologist has about the special problems of head and neck pathology and their management by the surgeon. Within the last 15 years, the knowledge of larynx growths and their treatment has changed rapidly. Parallel to this increase in knowledge, the technical possibilities in histopathology have also increased. For this reason, the authors of this volume present an up-to-date view of the whole scope of the pathology and clinical treatment of larynx tumours.

Spis treści

1 Development, Anatomy, Spatial Compartments and Regions.- 1.1 Development.- 1.2 Postnatal Changes.- 1.3 Anatomy.- 1.3.1 Laryngeal Framework.- 1.3.2 Ligaments and Membranes.- 1.3.3 Muscles.- 1.3.4 Blood Vessels.- 1.3.5 Lymph Drainage.- 1.4 Regional and Spatial Division.- 1.4.1 Spatial Subdivision.- 1.4.2 Regions and Sites.- 2 Particular Problems of Histological Preparation and Assessment: Advanced Methods.- 2.1 Whole-Organ Serial Sections.- 2.2 Histological Evaluation.- 2.2.1 Plane of Section.- 2.2.2 Grading.- 2.3 Advanced Methods in the Evaluation of Precancerous Lesions and Carcinomas.- 2.3.1 Predominantly Morphological Methods.- 2.3.1.1 Exfoliative and Aspiration Cytology.- 2.3.1.2 Quantification of Histopathology.- 2.3.1.3 Histochemistry.- 2.3.1.4 Immunohistochemistry.- 2.3.1.5 In Situ Hybridization.- 2.3.1.6 Electron Microscopy.- 2.3.2 Additional, more Functional Methods.- 2.3.2.1 Cellular Proliferation Studies.- 2.3.2.2 DNA Histograms, Cytophotometry.- 2.3.2.3 Changes in Immune Status.- 2.3.2.4 Analysis of Cell Products in Circulating Blood.- 2.3.2.5 Examination of Living Tissue.- 2.3.2.6 Experimental Models.- 2.3.3 Conclusion.- 2.4 Advanced Methods in the Determination of Tumour Types.- 3 Benign Neoplasms.- 3.1 Definition, Classification, Frequency, General Therapeutic Aspects.- 3.2 Epithelial Tumours.- 3.2.1 Papilloma and Papillomatosis.- 3.2.1.1 Juvenile-Onset Papilloma.- 3.2.1.2 Adult-Onset Papilloma.- 3.2.2 Oxyphilic Adenoma (Oncocytoma).- 3.2.3 Other Adenomas.- 3.3 Tumours of Soft Tissue.- 3.3.1 Mesenchymal Tumours.- 3.3.1.1 Fibroma, Histiocytoma, Myxoma and Mesenchymoma.- 3.3.1.2 Lipoma.- 3.3.1.3 Angioma.- 3.3.1.4 Leiomyoma.- 3.3.1.5 Rhabdomyoma.- 3.3.2 Tumours of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 3.3.2.1 Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma, Neurinoma).- 3.3.2.2 Neurofibroma.- 3.3.2.3 Paraganglioma, Chemodectoma.- 3.3.2.4 Granular Cell Tumour.- 3.3.2.5 Ganglioneuroma.- 3.4 Tumours of Cartilaginous and Osseous Tissue.- 3.4.1 Chondroma.- 3.4.2 Osteoma.- 3.4.3 Giant Cell Tumour.- 3.5 Tumours of the Lymphatic and Haematopoietic System.- 3.5.1 Plasmocytoma.- 3.6 Miscellaneous Tumours, Malformations.- 4 General Conditions and Risk Factors of Carcinogenesis, Precancerous Lesions.- 4.1 Incidence, Age, Sex Distribution and Risk Factors.- 4.1.1 Incidence.- 4.1.2 Age, Sex Distribution and Hormonal Factors.- 4.1.3 Endogenous Factors.- 4.1.4 Exogenous Risk Factors: Tobacco and Alcohol.- 4.1.5 Inhaled Noxious Agents.- 4.1.6 Differences in Geographical Distribution-Occupational Risks.- 4.2 Papilloma/Papillomatosis and Viral Infection in Laryngeal Carcinogenesis.- 4.3 Chronic Laryngitis.- 4.4 Epidermoid Metaplasia.- 4.5 Multitopic (Multicentric) Tumour Growth: Field Cancerization.- 4.6 Precancerous Lesions.- 4.6.1 Macroscopic Clinical Aspects: Leukoplakia, Erythroplakia.- 4.6.2 Histological Assessment and Classification of Dysplasia.- 4.6.2.1 Criteria of Epithelial Hyperplasia and Epithelial Dysplasia.- 4.6.2.2 Grades of Dysplasia.- 4.7 Carcinoma in Situ, Microinvasive Carcinoma.- 4.8 Evaluation of Histological Finding.- 4.9 Therapy of Dysplasia and Carcinoma In Situ of the Larynx.- 5 Squamous Cell Carcinomas.- 5.1 Origin and Spread of Carcinomas.- 5.1.1 Supraglottic Carcinomas.- 5.1.2 Glottic-Supraglottic Boundary.- 5.1.3 Glottic and Subglottic Carcinomas.- 5.1.4 “External Laryngeal Carcinomas” (Hypopharnyx, Lower Oropharynx).- 5.2 Metastasis.- 5.2.1 Lymphatic Metastasis of Internal and External Laryngeal Carcinomas.- 5.2.2 Distant Metastasis.- 5.3 TNM Classification of Laryngeal, Hypopharyngeal and Caudal Oropharyngeal Carcinoma.- 5.3.1 Pretherapeutic TNM Classification.- 5.3.1.1 Larynx.- 5.3.1.2 Hypopharynx.- 5.3.1.3 Oropharynx.- 5.3.1.4 Regional Lymph Nodes.- 5.3.1.5 Distant Metastases.- 5.3.2 pTNM Classification.- 5.4 Histology of Squanomous Cell Carcinoma.- 5.4.1 Degree of Differentiation.- 5.4.2 Tumour-Host Relationship.- 6 Management of Laryngeal Cancer and Histopathological Inferences.- 6.1 Diagnosis and Prevention.- 6.1.1 Diagnostic Procedures, Computerized Tomography.- 6.1.2 Prevention.- 6.2 Surgery.- 6.2.1 Conservative Surgery of Glottic Cancer.- 6.2.1.1 Outline of Techniques.- 6.2.1.2 Results of Differential Surgical Procedures.- 6.2.1.3 Comment and Conclusion.- 6.2.2 Conservative Surgery of Supraglottic Cancer.- 6.2.2.1 Techniques.- 6.2.2.2 Surgical Procedures and Results.- 6.2.3 Radical Surgery of Laryngeal and Laryngopharyngeal Cancer.- 6.2.4 Management of Regional Metastasis.- 6.3 Radiation Therapy.- 6.3.1 The Biology of Irradiated Tumours.- 6.3.2 Histological Changes in Irradiated Carcinomas.- 6.3.3 Preoperative Irradiation.- 6.3.3.1 Histological Changes in Preoperatively Irradiated Carcinomas: The Periphery-Basis Gradient.- 6.3.3.2 Regions of Diminished Radiation Effect.- 6.3.3.3 Effect of Irradiation on Lymph Node Metastasis.- 6.3.4 Late Results After Preoperative Irradiation of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Larynx.- 6.3.4.1 Local Recurrences.- 6.3.4.2 Regional Recurrences.- 6.3.4.3 Late Distant Metastasis.- 6.3.4.4 Survival Rates.- 6.4 Changes Following Treatment with Cytostatic Agents.- 7 Unusual Malignant Tumours.- 7.1 Special Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 7.1.1 Special Forms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 7.1.1.1 Verrucous Carcinoma.- 7.1.1.2 Spindle Cell Carcinoma and Carcinosarcoma.- 7.1.1.3 Transitional Cell Carcinoma.- 7.1.1.4 Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma.- 7.1.2 Carcinomas of the Adnexa of the Laryngeal Mucosa.- 7.1.2.1 Adenocarcinoma.- 7.1.2.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.- 7.1.2.3 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma.- 7.1.3 Other Forms of Carcinoma.- 7.1.4 Metastatic Cancer.- 7.2 Nonepithelial Malignant Tumours.- 7.2.1 Malignant Mesenchymal Tumours (Sarcomas).- 7.2.1.1 Fibrosarcoma and Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma.- 7.2.1.2 Chondrosarcoma.- 7.2.1.3 Rhabdomyosarcoma.- 7.2.1.4 Leiomyosarcoma.- 7.2.1.5 Angiosarcoma.- 7.2.1.6 Malignant Lymphoma.- 7.2.1.7 Other Malignant Mesenchymal Neoplasms.- 7.2.2 Malignant Neuroectodermal Tumours.- 7.2.2.1 Malignant Melanoma.- 7.2.2.2 Chemodectoma (Paraganglioma).- 7.3 Radiogenic Tumours.- 8 Pseudotumours of the Larynx.- 8.1 Inflammatory Pseudotumours.- 8.1.1 Vocal Cord Polyps.- 8.1.2 Vocal Cord Nodules.- 8.1.3 Intubation Granulomas.- 8.1.4 Contact Hyperplasia.- 8.1.5 Infectious Laryngeal Tumours.- 8.1.6 Sarcoidosis.- 8.1.7 Other Granulomas and Granulomatoses.- 8.1.8 Histologically Pseudomalignant Lesions.- 8.2 Laryngeal Cysts and Laryngoceles.- 8.2.1 Laryngeal Cysts.- 8.2.2 Laryngoceles.- 8.3 Metabolically Induced Pseudotumours.- 8.3.1 Amyloid Tumours.- 8.3.2 Gout Tophi.- 8.3.3 Other Metabolically Induced Pseudotumours.- 8.4 Endolaryngeal Thyroid Tissue.- References.