Tribological Study of Nanoparticles Enriched Bio-Based Lubricants for Piston Ring-Cylinder Interaction

ISBN-13: 9789811341137 / Angielski / Miękka / 2019 / 176 str.

Mubashir Gulzar

Spis treści

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Research Background 

1.2 Problem Statement 

1.3 Objectives of the Research

1.4 Scope of Research

1.5 Thesis Outline

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Lubricants 

2.1.1 Conventional Engine Lubricants and Related Hazards

2.1.2 Bio-based Lubricants 

2.1.3 Vegetable Oils 

2.1.4 Selection of Vegetable Oil 

2.1.5 Properties of Vegetable Oils 

2.1.5.1 Viscosity 

2.1.5.2 Low-temperature properties 

2.1.5.3 Oxidation stability

2.1.5.4 Tribological behavior 

2.1.6 Chemically Functionalized Vegetable Oils 

2.1.7 TMP Ester as a Lubricant

2.1.7.1 Viscosity and low temperature fluidity of TMP esters 

2.1.7.2 Oxidation stability of TMP esters 

2.1.7.3 Lubricity, EP, and AW behavior 

2.2 Lubricant Additives 

2.2.1 Friction Modifiers and Antiwear Additives 

2.2.2 Nanoparticles as Additives 

2.2.2.1 Role of dispersion stability 

2.2.2.2 Methods of nanoparticles dispersion 

2.2.2.3 Dispersion stability analysis for nanolubricants 

2.2.2.4 Methods to enhance the dispersion stability of nanolubricants

2.2.2.5 Role of nanoparticles concentration 

2.2.2.6 Role of nanoparticle size 

2.2.2.7 Role of nanoparticle shape and structure 

2.2.2.8 Role of tribo-testing conditions

2.2.2.9 Lubrication mechanisms 

2.2.2.10 Investigation of lubrication mechanism 

2.3 IC Engine Lubrication 

2.3.1 Engine Piston Assembly

2.3.1.1 Piston ring–cylinder lubrication 

2.3.1.2 Experimental investigation of piston ring–cylinder lubrication 

2.3.2 Lubricant Degradation in Diesel Engine 

2.3.2.1 Effect of fuel blends 

2.3.2.2 Role of additive technology 

2.4 Summary

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

3.1 Palm TMP Ester as Bio-based Base Stock 

3.1.1 Palm TMP Ester 

3.1.1.1 Procedure for Development of Palm TMP Ester 

3.1.1.2 Composition and Physicochemical Characteristics 

3.2 Development of Bio-based Nanolubricants 

3.2.1 Nanoparticles 

3.2.2 Ultrasonic Dispersion

3.2.3 Dispersion Stability Analysis 

3.2.4 Nano-lubricants 

3.3 Engine Testing and Lubricating Oil Degradation

3.3.1 Engine Test Setup

3.3.2 Fuels for Engine Testing 

3.3.3 Engine Oil Filter Conditioning 

3.3.3.1 Development of Strong Base Filter

3.3.4 Engine-aged Lubricants 

3.3.5 Lubricant Analysis 

3.3.5.1 Viscosity 

3.3.5.2 Total Acid Number (TAN) 

3.3.5.3 Total Base Number (TBN) 

3.3.5.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 

3.4 Tribometer Investigation 

3.4.1 Test Specimen Preparation 

3.4.2 High Stroke Reciprocating Tribo-testing 

3.4.3 Four-Ball Extreme Pressure (EP) Tribo-Testing 

3.5 Surface Analysis 

3.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 

3.5.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)

3.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy 

3.5.4 Surface Profilometry 

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester 

4.1.1 Friction Results 

4.1.2 Wear Results 

4.1.3 Surface Analysis 

4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis 

4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry 

4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester 

4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants 

4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants

4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants

4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants

4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants 

4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.4 Surface Analysis 

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester 

4.1.1 Friction Results 

4.1.2 Wear Results 

4.1.3 Surface Analysis 

4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis 

4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry 

4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester 

4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants

4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants

4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants

4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants

4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants

4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 

4.2.4 Surface Analysis

4.4.3 Surfaces Analysis of Worn Surfaces 

4.4.3.1 SEM Analysis 

4.4.3.2 EDX Analysis 

4.4.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 

4.4.3.4 Surface Profilometry

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

5.1 Conclusions 

5.2 Recommendations for Future Work 

References

List of Publications and Papers Presented

O autorze

Dr. Mubashir Gulzar obtained his Mechanical Engineering degree (B.Sc), at NUST University, Pakistan, in 2009. He continued to pursue his M.Sc. in Engine Tribology from the same university and graduated as the first graduate of NUST School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering in 2011. Dr. Gulzar completed his doctoral studies in Engine Tribology from University of Malaya, Malaysia, in 2017. He worked as faculty member at NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Pakistan (Jan 2012 to Feb 2018).

He is currently appointed as Assistant Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan.  

Dr. Gulzar is an active researcher, published more than 45 articles including 24 high impact ISI indexed publications. He is a reviewer of top ranked journals and member of national as well as international engineering councils/societies.

Blurb

This thesis investigates the tribological viability of bio-based base stock to which different nanoparticles were incorporated for engine piston-ring–cylinder-liner interaction. It determines experimentally the effects of lubricating oil conditions (new and engine-aged) on the friction and wear of the materials used for piston rings and cylinder liners. The specific base stock examined was a trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester derived from palm oil, and the nanoparticles were used as additives to obtain tribologically enhanced bio-based lubricants. The overall analysis of the results demonstrated the potential of nanoparticles to improve the tribological behavior of bio-based base stock for piston-ring–cylinder-liner interaction.