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Triatominae - The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors
ISBN-13: 9783030645502 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022
Triatominae - The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors
ISBN-13: 9783030645502 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022
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This book aims to present updated knowledge on various aspects of the natural history, biology, and impact of triatomines to all interested readers. Each chapter will be written by authorities in the respective field, covering topics such as behavior, neurophysiology, immunology, ecology, and evolution. The contents will consider scientific, as well as innovative perspectives, on the problems related to the role of triatomine bugs as parasite vectors affecting millions in the Latin American region.
Contents
1 Origin and evolution of Triatominae
1.1 Background
1.2 Searching for the closest predatory relative of Triatominae
1.3 Evolutionary relationships within Triatominae
1.4 Relationships within Rhodniini
1.5 Relationships within Triatomini
1.6 Implications for the evolution of TriatominaeReferences
2 Taxonomy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical background
2.3 Taxonomy of the Triatominae, from De Geer to the DNA2.3.1 The beginning
2.3.2 Contributions to a taxonomy non-strictly morphologic
2.4 Classification
2.4.1 Hemiptera-Heteroptera (truebugs)
2.4.2 Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 (assassin bugs)
2.4.3 Triatominae Jeannel, 1919 (kissing bugs; cone-nose bugs)
2.4.4 Tribes and genera
2.4.4.1 Triatomini Jeannel, 1919 (the most speciose tribe)
2.4.4.2 Rhodniini Pinto, 1926 (genera well characterized, species cryptics)2.4.4.3 Bolboderini Usinger, 1944 (small genera)
2.4.4.4 Cavernicolini Usinger, 1944 (small triatomines, cave specialized)
2.4.4.5 Alberproseniini Martínez and Carcavallo, 1977 (the smallest triatomine)2.5 Conclusions
References
3 Speciation Processes in Triatominae
3.1 Towards a unified species concept
3.2 Insect diversity and speciation
3.3 Overconservative systematics and the paraphyly of Triatoma
3.4 Phenotypic plasticity and classical taxonomy
3.5 Tempo and mode of triatomine speciation
3.5.1 Fast or slow diversification?
3.5.1.1 Triatoma rubrofasciata and Old World Triatominae
3.5.1.2 The origin of Rhodnius prolixus
3.5.2 Vicariance and allopatric triatomine speciation
3.5.2.1 Rhodnius robustus and the Refugium theory
3.5.2.2 Triatoma rubida and the Baja California peninsula
3.5.2.3 Triatoma dimidiata and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
3.5.3 Parapatric/sympatric triatomine speciation
3.5.3.1 Triatoma brasiliensis complex and the homoploid hybridization hypothesis
3.5.3.2 The Rhodnius pallescens – R. colombiensis: a case of sympatric speciation?
3.6 Towards an integrative and evolutionarily sound taxonomy
References
4 Chromosome structure and evolution of Triatominae: A review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Chromosome numbers in Triatominae
4.3 Sex chromosome systems
4.4 B chromosomes4.5 Genome size in triatomines
4.6 Cytogenetic studies of hybrids
4.7 Longitudinal differentiation of triatomine chromosomes
4.7.1 C-banding 4.7.2 Fluorochrome banding4. 7.3 Chromosomal location of ribosomal genes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
4.7.4 Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and DNA probes
4.7.5 Y chromosome in Triatominae4.7.6. X chromosome in Triatominae
4.8. Perspectives and Challenges
References5 Embryonic development of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus
5.1 General observations of insect development
5.2 Oogenesis and embryogenesis in model species and their relevance to R. prolixus embryology5.3 Historical role of R. prolixus embryonic development studies
5.4 Recent advances in the studies of R. prolixus embryonic development
5.5 Future directions of R. prolixus embryogenesis research
References
6 Anatomy of the nervous system of triatomines
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The nervous system of triatomines
6.2.1 General morphology
6.2.2 The Brain
6.2.2.1 Protocerebrum
6.2.2.2 Deutocerebrum
6.2.2.3 Tritocerebrum
6.2.3 The ventral nerve cord
6.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
7 Biogenic monoamines in the control of triatomine physiology with emphasis on Rhodnius prolixus
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
7.2.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal7.2.2 Distribution
7.2.3 Receptors
7.2.4 Physiological relevance of serotonin in R. prolixus
7.2.4.1 Serotonin as a neurohormone
7.2.4.2 Coordination of feeding7.2.4.3 Salivary secretions
7.3. Octopamine (OA)
7.3.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal
7.3.2 Distribution
7.3.3 Receptors7.3.4 Physiological relevance of OA in R. prolixus
7.4 Tyramine (TA)
7.4.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal
7.4.2 Distribution
7.4.3 Receptors7.4.4 Physiological Relevance of TA in R. prolixus
7.5 Dopamine (DA)
7.5.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal7.5.2 Receptors
7.5.3 Distribution
7.5.4 Physiological relevance of DA in R. prolixus
7.5.4.1 Reproductive physiology
7.5.4.2 Feeding-related activities
7.5.4.3 Cuticle
7.6 Histamine (HA)
7.6.1 Biosynthetic pathway and removal
7.6.2 Distribution
7.6.3 Receptors
7.6.4 Physiological relevance of HA in R. prolixus
7.6.4.1 Salivary secretions
7.7 Concluding remarks
8 Structure and physiology of the neuropeptidergic system of triatomines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure of the neuroendocrine system in triatomines
8.3 Functional studies on the neuropeptide systems of triatomines8.4 Concluding remarks
References
9 Sensory biology of triatomines 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The visual system 9.2.1 The compound eyes 9.2.2 The ocelli 9.2.3 Sensory aspects of vision 9.3 The olfactory sense 9.3.1 The antennae 9.3.2 Sensory features of olfaction 9.4 The taste sense 9.4.1 Sensory aspects of taste 9.5 The thermal sense 9.5.1 Sensory aspects of thermoreception 9.6 Mechanoreception 9.6.1 Sensory aspects of mechanoreception 9.7 Concluding remarks References
10 The behaviour of kissing-bugs
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Host search and feeding behaviour
10.3 Sexual behaviour
10.4 Aggregation and alarm
10.5 Learning and memory
10.6 Triatomine chronobiology
10.7 Behavioural manipulation
10.8 Perspectives and research needs
References
11 Features of interaction between triatomines and vertebrates based on bug feeding parameters
11.1 Initial considerations
11.2 General view of hematophagy
11.3 Triatomine blood feeding characteristics11.4 Birds vs mammal hosts
11.5 Saliva and salivation during blood feeding
11.6 Triatomine-host interface
11.6.1 Triatomine-host endothelium
11.6.2 Triatomine-host blood
11.7 Final commentsReferences
12 Blood Digestion in Triatomine Insects
12.1 Triatomine evolution – you are what you eat but also what your ancestors used to eat
12.2 Triatomine midgut morphology: unique compartments
12.3 Digestive enzymes and metabolite handling
12.4 Proteins and molecules without enzymatic activity
12.5 Heme, iron, and redox metabolism in the triatomine gut
12.6 Triatomine midgut immunity and physiology in a microbial world: simplicity
turns into a complex scenario
12.7 Final remarks
References
13 The physiology of sperm transfer and egg production in vectors of Chagas disease with particular reference to Rhodnius prolixus.
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sperm Transfer
13.2.1 Copulation
13.2.2 Mechanisms facilitating copulation
13.2.3 Sperm delivered to the spermathecae
13.2.4 The Aedeagus
13.2.5 Sperm delivery to the vagina
13.3 Egg production associated with feeding
13.3.1 Characteristics of the blood meal
13.3.2 Endocrine control of egg production
13.3.3 Initiation by the blood meal
13.3.4 Functional anatomy of the retrocerebral complex
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 The Immune System of Triatomines
14.1 Introduction 14.2 Physical Barriers, Cuticle Structure, and Wound Repair 14.2.1 Cuticle 14.2.2 Intestinal Epithelium and Perimicrovillar 14.2.3 Membrane(PMM) 14.2.4 Wound Repair 14.3 Humoral Immunity 14.3.1 Recognition and Signal Transduction 14.3.2 Humoral Effector Molecules 14.3.3 Lectins 14.3.4 Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species 14.4 Cellular Immunity 14.4.1 Hemocytes 14.4.2 Phagocytosis, Nodulation, Encapsulation and Melanization 14.4.3 Regulation of Cellular Responses 14.5 Triatomines and Microbiota 14.6 Triatomines and Trypanosomes 14.7 ConclusionsReferences
15 Interaction of triatomines with their bacterial microbiota and trypanosomes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The microbiota of triatomines
15.3 Interactions of triatomines with T. cruzi
15.3.1 The parasite
15.3.2 Development of T. cruzi in the vector – effects of the vector on T. cruzi
15.3.2.1 Development of T. cruzi in the anterior midgut
15.3.2.2 Development of T. cruzi in the posterior midgut
15.3.2.3 Development of T. cruzi in the rectum15.3.3 Effects of T. cruzi on triatomines
15.3.3.1 Effects of T. cruzi on the development of triatomines
15.3.3.2 Effects on behavior
15.3.3.3 Effects on immunity15.3.3.4 Interaction of T. cruzi and the microbiota of triatomines
15.4 Interactions of triatomines with T. rangeli
15.4.1 The parasite15.4.2 Development of T. rangeli in the vector and effects of the vector on T. rangeli
15.4.2.1 Development of T. rangeli in the midgut
15.4.2.2 Development in the hemolymph
15.4.2.3 Development in the salivary glands
15.4.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomines
15.4.3.1 Effects of T. rangeli on the development of triatomines
15.4.3.2 Effects of T. rangeli on the behavior of triatomines15.4.3.3 Effects of T. rangeli on triatomine immunity
15.4.3.4 Interaction of T. rangeli and the microbiota of triatomines
15.5 Conclusions and open questions
References
16 The ecology and natural history of wild Triatominae in the Americas
16.1. Introduction
16.1.1. The Triatominae16.1.2. Foraging lifestyles in the Triatominae: ‘sit-and-wait’ nest specialists vs. ‘stalker’ host generalists
16.2. ‘Sit-and-wait’ nest specialists
16.2.1. Underground nests
16.2.1.1. Armadillo burrows
16.2.2. Ground nests
16.2.2.1. Woodrat nests
16.2.2.2. Other mammal ground nests
16.2.3. Arboreal nests
16.2.3.1. Arboreal bird nests
16.2.3.2. Arboreal mammal nests
16.2.4. Bat roosts
16.3. ‘Stalker’ host generalists
16.3.1. Terrestrial microhabitats
16.3.1.1. Caves
16.3.1.2. Rocks and stones
16.3.1.3. Terrestrial plant microhabitats
16.3.2. Arboreal microhabitats
16.3.2.1. Trees
16.3.2.3. Epiphytes
16.4. Closing remarks
References
17 Eco-epidemiology of vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in domestic habitats
17.1 Background17.2 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to the Vector
17.2.1 Species and Epidemiologic Relevance
17.2.2 Domesticity and Vector Abundance
17.2.3 Habitat Use and Quality
17.2.4 Host Availability and Accessibility
17.2.5 Blood-feeding Performance
17.2.6 Environmental Variables
17.2.7 Population Dynamics and Vital Rates
17.3 Biological and Ecological Factors Related to Parasite Transmission17.3.1 Parasite Diversity
17.3.2 Domestic Reservoir Hosts
17.3.3 Human Infection
17.3.4 Host Infectiousness
17.3.5 Vector Competence
17.3.6 Transmission Dynamics
17.4 Social Determinants of Domestic Transmission
17.4.1 Socio-economic Factors
17.4.2 Ethnicity17.4.3 Human Migration and Mobility
17.4.4 Interactions Between Social and Ecological Factors
17.5 Scaling up from Household- to Population-level Transmission
References
18 Chagas Disease Vector Control
18.1 Background
18.2 Species and Epidemiological Relevance
18.3 Vector Detection Methods
18.4 Historical Overview of Triatomine Control18.5 Vector Control Methods
18.5.1 Chemical Vector Control
18.5.1.1 Residual House Spraying
18.5.1.2 Insecticidal Paints and Fumigant Canisters
18.5.1.3 Xenointoxication and Insecticide-impregnated Materials
18.5.2 Housing Improvement
18.5.3 Biological and Genetic Control18.6 Current Challenges and Opportunities
References
19 Insecticide resistance in triatomines
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Populations resistant to insecticides
19.3 Resistance profiles
19.4 Resistance Mechanisms19.5 Inheritance and genetic basis of insecticide resistance
19.6 Pleiotropic effects of the insecticide resistance19.7 Environmental factors associated with insecticide resistance
19.8 Management of insecticide resistanceReferences
20 Perspectives in triatomine biology studies: “Omics”- based approaches
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Omics applications: Consideration of technologies, analysis pipelines, and outcomes for entomological projects
20.2.1 Genome projects
20.2.2 Transcriptomic studies based on RNA-Seq
20.2.3 Metagenomic analyses
20.2.4 Metabolomic studies20.3. Metagenomics and metabolomic studies associated with triatomines
20.4. The Rhodnius prolixus genome project and its impact
20.5. Transcriptomic studies in Triatomines20.6. Perspectives
20.6.1 Comparative genomics
20.6.2 Hybridization and introgression events
20.6.3 Population dynamics and vector control
20.6.4 Insecticide resistance in laboratory colonies
20.6.5 Molecular basis of triatomine behavior
20.6.6 Exploitation of sequencing technologies for new insights into biological adaptations20.6.7 Triatomine-trypanosome interaction
20.6.8 Ecdysis in hemimetabolous insects
ReferencesAlessandra Guarneri, Ph.D., is a biologist and specialist in Medical Entomology. She is a researcher in the Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Her research team is devoted to the study the behavior of triatomines and the interaction between these bugs and their natural parasites. Her work includes studies about parasite development and virulence, behavioral alterations in infected insects, as well as the molecular bases of the trypanosome-triatomine interaction.
Marcelo G Lorenzo, Ph.D., is a biologist devoted to the study of insect physiology with an emphasis on behavioral physiology. He is a senior researcher in the Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. There, his group investigates the behavior, pheromones, kairomones, sensory physiology, and functional genomics of triatomines and culicids. The group also focuses on the development of baits and traps for vector control. His work takes advantage of techniques from neurobiology, analytical chemistry, molecular biology, genomics, and behavior.
This book aims to present updated knowledge on various aspects of the natural history, biology, and impact of triatomines to all interested readers. Each chapter will be written by authorities in the respective field, covering topics such as behavior, neurophysiology, immunology, ecology, and evolution. The contents will consider scientific, as well as innovative perspectives, on the problems related to the role of triatomine bugs as parasite vectors affecting millions in the Latin American region.
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