Trees II

ISBN-13: 9783540191582 / Angielski / Twarda / 1989 / 622 str.

Springer

Opis

'frees contribute a major part of fuel, fodder and fruit, and are an im- of bioenergy. They are now needed in large numbers more portant source than ever before for afforestation and social forestry, so that fast-grow- ing and multipurpose trees assume great importance. After extensive in- discriminate deforestation and rapid depletion of genetic stocks, efforts are now being made to evolve methods for clonal mass propagation of improved and elite trees. Production of short-duration trees with a rapid turnover of biomass, and induction of genetic variability through in vitro manipulation for the production of novel fruit and forest trees, which are high-yielding and resistant to pests and diseases, and trees which display increased photosynthetic efficiency are in demand. These objectives are well within the realm of horticultural and forest biotech- nology. Some of the recent advances, such as the regeneration of com- plete trees from isolated protoplasts, somatic hybridization, and the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in various tree species have opened new vistas for the genetic engineering of fruit and forest trees. This book is a continuation of the earlier volume Trees I, and presents 31 chapters on fruit, forest, nut and ornamental trees, such as avocado, pineapple, crabapple, quince, pistachio, walnut, hazelnut, date palm, oil palm, cacao, rubber, maple, sweet-gum, poplars, birches, Chinese tallow, willows, oaks, paper mulberry, rhododendrons, Scots pine, Calabrian pine, Douglas-fir, redwood, ginkgo, cycads and some flowering trees.

Spis treści

Section I Angiosperm Trees.- I.1 Avocado (Persea spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.2 Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methodology.- 3 Stem Tip Culture.- 4 Plant Regeneration.- 5 Genetic Variability.- 6 Considerations and Perspective.- References.- I.3 Crabapple (Malus spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture of Crabapple.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.4 Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion.- References.- I.5 Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Diseases.- 3 Conventional Practices for Propagation and Breeding.- 4 Need to Incorporate Unconventional Methods.- 5 In Vitro Approaches.- 6 Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- I.6 Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.7 Walnut (Juglans spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.8 Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.9 Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- I.10 Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.11 Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.).- 1 General Account.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Protocols.- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.12 Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Discussion.- References.- I.13 Maple (Acer spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.14 Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- I.15 Poplar (Populus spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.16 Birch (Betula spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches and Species Differences.- 3 Field Responses of Micropropagated Birch.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- I.17 Chinese Tallow (Sapium sebiferum Roxb.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.18 Empress Tree (Paulownia tomentosa Steud).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.19 Willows (Salix spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Environmental Factors.- 4 Mutation Studies in Salix.- References.- I.20 Oaks (Quercus spp.).- 1 General Features.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- I.21 Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Plant Regeneration from Protoplast Culture.- 4 Protocol for Callus and Protoplast Culture.- 5 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.22 Holly (Ilex spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- I.23 Rhododendrons.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches: Shoot Proliferation.- 3 Culture of Other Organs.- 4 Rooting Studies In Vitro.- 5 Callus Culture.- 6 Protoplast Isolation and Culture.- 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects.- References.- I.24 Some Australian Ornamental Woody Species.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Problem of the Induction of Roots.- 4 Overview.- References.- I.25 Some Indian Ornamental Trees: Cassia fistula Linn., Poinciana regia (Boj.) and Jacaranda acutifolia auct..- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Section II Gymnosperm Trees.- II.1 Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.2 Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Tenore).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.3 Douglas-Fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco].- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.4 Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.5 Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion.- References.- II.6 Cycads.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.