Transportation Electrification: Breakthroughs in Electrified Vehicles, Aircraft, Rolling Stock, and Watercraft

ISBN-13: 9781119812326 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 250 str.

Mohamed, Ahmed A.

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About the Editors xviiList of Contributors xixIntroduction xxiii1 Electrical Machines for Traction and Propulsion Applications 1Ayman M. EL-Refaie1.1 Introduction 11.2 Light-Duty Vehicles 11.3 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles 71.4 Off-Highway Vehicles 91.5 Locomotives 91.6 Ship Propulsion 101.7 High Specific Torque/Power Electrical Machines 131.7.1 Electrical Machines for Land Vehicles 131.7.2 Electrical Machines for Aerospace Applications 151.7.3 Key System Tradeoffs and Considerations 211.7.3.1 Specific Power vs Efficiency 211.7.3.2 Fault Tolerance 211.7.3.3 System Voltage 211.7.3.4 Machine Controllability 221.8 How Does the Future Look Like? 22References 252 Advances and Developments in Batteries and Charging Technologies 27Satish Chikkannanavar and Gunho Kwak2.1 Introduction 272.2 Advances in Cathodes/Anodes Covering Energy Density Increase for EV Applications 272.2.1 Cathode Challenges for High Energy Density 282.2.2 Anode Challenges for High Energy Density 302.3 High Power/Energy Cell Designs for xEVs 312.4 Post Li-Ion Batteries: Solid-State Batteries 322.4.1 Roadmap and Collaborative Relationships 332.4.2 Current Development Status and Key Challenges 332.5 Advances in Charging Batteries 362.5.1 Methods of Fast Charging Batteries 362.5.2 Li Plating Effects 372.5.3 Overcharge Induced Thermal Runaway 382.6 Degradation Considerations 402.7 Future Outlook 42Acronyms 43References 433 Applications of Wide Bandgap (WBG) Devices in the Transportation Sector. Recent Advances in (WBG) Semiconductor Material (e.g. Silicon Carbide and Gallium Nitride) and Circuit Topologies 47Amir Ranjbar3.1 History of Semiconductor Technology Evolution 473.2 Semiconductor Technologies for Transportation Electrification 493.2.1 Trends in Transportation Electrification 493.3 Challenges Associated with GaNs in Practical Applications 533.3.1 Device Physics Level Challenges with GaNs 533.3.1.1 Electron Trapping 533.3.1.2 Gate Edge Degradation 543.3.1.3 Punch Through Current 543.3.1.4 Substrate Choice 543.3.2 Application Level Challenges with GaNs 553.3.2.1 GaN's Narrow Gate Voltage Margin 553.3.2.2 dv/dt Immunity and False Turn-On in GaN Devices 573.3.2.3 di/dt Immunity in GaNs 573.4 SiC-MOSFET Challenges in Transportation Electrification 583.4.1 Low Gain of SiC-MOSFETs 583.4.2 Fault Detection in SiC-MOSFETs 593.4.3 Driving SiC-MOSFETs 603.4.4 Maximum Gate Voltage Swing in SiC-MOSFETs 603.4.5 Layout Considerations 613.5 Advanced Power Module Packaging to Accommodate WBG Devices 613.5.1 Advanced Substrate Materials 633.5.2 Advanced Die Attach Methods 643.5.3 Interconnection 643.5.4 Advanced Encapsulation Materials 673.5.5 Advanced Cooling Methods 683.6 Summary 69References 704 An Overview of Inductive Power Transfer Technology for Static and Dynamic EV Battery Charging 73Ahmed A. S. Mohamed, Ahmed A. Shaier, and Hamid Metwally4.1 Introduction 734.2 IPT System Components 744.3 Static IPT System 754.3.1 Coupler Components 764.3.2 Structures of Inductive Pad 784.3.3 Research and Development (R&D) and Standardization Activities 794.4 Dynamic IPT System 834.4.1 DIPT with a Single Long Coil Track 844.4.2 DIPT with Segmented Coil Array 864.4.3 R&D and Standardization Activities 904.4.3.1 Historical Background 904.4.3.2 R&D on DIPT 914.5 Quasi-Dynamic IPT System 944.6 Technology Challenges and Opportunities 944.7 Conclusion 95References 955 Effectiveness Analysis of Control Strategies in Acoustic Noise and Vibration Reduction of PMSM-Driven Coupled System for EV and HEV Applications 105Rishi Kant Thakur, Rajesh Manjibhai Pindoriya, Rajeev Kumar, and Bharat Singh Rajpurohit5.1 Chapter Organization 1055.2 Origin of ANV and its Consequences in the PMSM-Based Coupled System 1055.2.1 Mechanical Noise 1065.2.2 Electromagnetic Noise 1065.2.3 Aerodynamic Sources 1085.3 Recent Trends of Control Strategies for ANV Reduction 1085.3.1 Control Aspects at the Site of Vibration (Mechanical) 1085.3.2 Control Aspects at the Source of Vibration (Electrical) 1095.4 Detailing of PMSM-Driven Experimental Setup 1115.5 Methodology of Various Control Strategies and Their Implementation for ANV Reduction 1135.5.1 Pseudorandom Triangular Pulse Width Modulation Technique (PTPWM) 1135.5.2 Random Pulse Position Pulse Width Modulation Technique (RPPM) 1145.6 Analysis of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 1165.7 Implementation of MPF Accuracy Enhancement Technique in Lumped Model for Number of Modes or DoF Selection 1185.7.1 Mathematical Modeling of Torsional Vibration Equation for All Lumped Elements 1185.7.2 Calculation of Parameters Required in Resonance Response of Torsional Vibration 1205.7.3 Natural Frequency, Mode Shape, and Orthonormalization of Modes 1205.7.4 Calculation of Computationally Optimum Number of Lumped Elements 1235.7.4.1 Calculation of Coefficient Vector 1235.7.4.2 Calculation of Model Participation Factor (MPF) 1235.7.4.3 Calculation of Effective Mass 1235.8 Extended Mathematical Modeling for the Effectiveness of Control Strategies Over Torsional Vibration Reduction 1255.8.1 Calculation of Generalized Damping Matrix ([Cg]) 1265.8.2 Calculation of Generalized Torque Corresponding to Each Control Strategy 1275.9 Results and Discussion 1285.9.1 Validation of Torsional Vibration Response at Resonance 1285.9.2 Analysis of Dynamic Response Corresponding to Various Control Strategies 1285.9.3 Simulation Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 1285.9.4 Experimental Results of SPWM, RPPM, and PTPWM Techniques for PMSM Drive 1315.10 Conclusions and Future Scope 136References 1366 Challenges and Applications of Blockchain Technology in Electric Road Vehicles 139Nabeel Mehdi6.1 Mobility and Electric Vehicles 1396.2 Electric Vehicle Overview 1406.3 Challenges of the Electric Vehicle Industry 1416.3.1 Range Anxiety 1416.3.2 Lengthy Charging Times 1426.3.3 Battery Safety Concerns 1426.3.4 Lack of Standardization 1436.3.5 Electricity Grid Disruption 1446.3.6 Battery Waste 1466.3.7 Cyber-Security Hazard 1466.4 Applications of Blockchain Technology 1466.4.1 Energy Blockchain Ledger 1486.4.2 Blockchain-Powered Billing in E-mobility Systems 1486.4.3 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) Ecosystem 1506.4.4 Electric Vehicle Battery Management with Blockchain 1516.4.5 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 1516.4.6 Blockchain-Enabled Security in Electric Vehicles Computing 1526.4.7 Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based EV Charging 1536.4.8 Battery Analytics 1536.4.9 Supply-Chain Traceability and Provenance 1546.5 Vehicle Insurance Management 1556.5.1 Electric Vehicle Crypto Mining 1556.6 Summary 156References 1577 Starter/Generator Systems and Solid-State Power Controllers 159Tao Yang, Xiaoyu Lang, and Zhen Huang7.1 Background 1597.2 Future Design Options 1607.3 The Starters/Generators and Their Power Electronics Control 1627.4 System Analysis and Control Design 1637.4.1 Current Control Design 1647.4.2 Field-Weakening Control Design 1677.4.3 Analysis and Control Design of the DC Voltage Loop 1707.4.4 DC Bus Voltage Control: The Control Plant 1707.4.5 DC Bus Voltage Control Design 1727.4.6 Simulation Results of the Single-Bus Power-Generation Center 1767.4.7 Appendix 1787.5 The Solid-State Power Controllers and the Protection Features 1807.5.1 Background of Solid-State Power Controllers 1807.5.2 Design of Solid-State Power Controllers 1817.5.3 Protection of Solid-State Power Controllers 182References 1868 DC-DC Converter and On-board DC Microgrid Stability 189Giampaolo Buticchi and Jiajun Yang8.1 Introduction 1898.2 The Dual Active Bridge Converter 1898.3 The LLC Series-Resonant Converter 1928.4 Constant Power Load 1948.5 Stability Criteria 1948.6 Impedance Modeling and Stability Analysis 1968.6.1 Impedance Model of PMSG 1968.6.2 Controller Design 1978.6.3 Impedance Model of DAB Converter 1998.6.4 Impedance-Based Stability Analysis 2018.6.5 Specifications 2028.6.6 Impedance Model Validation 2038.6.7 System Instability 2048.6.8 Proposed Control Techniques for Stabilization 2048.7 Conclusion 206References 2069 Packed U-Cell Inverter and Its Variants with Fault Tolerant Capabilities for More Electric Aircraft 209Haroon Rehman, Mohd Tariq, Hasan Iqbal, Arif I. Sarwat, and Adil Sarwar9.1 Introduction 2099.2 Power System Architecture in MEA 2109.3 Power Converters in MEA 2129.4 PUC Topologies and Control 2159.5 Fault Tolerant Capability of PUC Inverter 2189.6 Results and Discussion 2209.7 Conclusions 225Acknowledgments 225References 22610 Standards and Regulations Pertaining to Aircraft 231Lujia Chen, Prem Ranjan, Qinghua Han, Abir Alabani, and Ian Cotton10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Power Generation 23210.2.1 Characteristics of Aircraft Electrical Systems 23210.2.2 Electrical Machines 23310.2.3 Power Conversion 23410.2.4 Batteries 23510.2.5 Challenges for Higher Voltage Aerospace Systems 23610.3 Cable 23610.3.1 Cable Component and Type 23610.3.2 Digital Data and Signal Transmission 23710.3.3 Cable Identification Marking 23710.3.4 Cable Test Specifications 23810.4 Connectors and Contacts 23810.4.1 Classification 23810.4.2 Connectors 23910.4.3 Contacts 23910.4.4 Testing of Tools, Contacts, and Connectors 23910.5 Switching Device 24010.5.1 Circuit Breaker Classification 24010.5.2 Design of Circuit Breakers 24010.5.2.1 Low-Current Range 24010.5.2.2 High-Current Range 24110.5.2.3 Arc Fault Circuit Breaker (AFCB) 24110.5.3 Circuit Breaker Testing Specifications 24110.6 Material 24210.6.1 Metallic Materials 24210.6.2 Non-metallic Material 243References 24311 Overview of Rolling Stock 249Deepak Ronanki11.1 Introduction 24911.2 Rolling Stock Architectures 25011.2.1 Railway Traction Power Systems 25011.2.2 Classification of Rolling Stock 25011.2.2.1 Light Rail Vehicle (LRV) 25211.2.2.2 Heavy Rail-Diesel Locomotive 25211.2.2.3 Heavy Rail-Electric Locomotive 25311.2.2.4 Electric Multiple Units [EMUs] (AC or DC) 25411.3 Sub-Systems and Components of Rolling Stock Architectures 25611.3.1 Electric Propulsion Systems 25611.3.2 Power Converter Systems and its Components 25611.3.3 Auxiliary Power Systems 25811.3.4 Traction Drive Control 25911.3.5 Control Hierarchy of Rolling Stock 26011.3.6 Standards and Regulations 26211.4 Solid State Transformer (SST) Technology-Based Rolling Stock 26211.4.1 Two-Stage (AC/HFAC) Power Conversion Topologies 26711.4.2 Single-Stage (AC/HFAC) Power Conversion Topologies 26911.4.3 Auxiliary Systems for SSTT Systems 27111.5 Advancements and Challenges in Modern Rolling Stock 27211.5.1 Semiconductor Technology and Cooling Systems 27211.5.2 Advanced Materials for Passive Components 27311.5.3 Reversible Substations and Off-Board Energy Storage Systems 27511.5.4 On-Board Energy Storage Systems in Rolling Stock 27611.6 Concluding Remarks 278References 27812 Electromagnetic Compatibility in Railways 283Sahil Bhagat12.1 Introduction 28312.2 The Phenomenon of Electromagnetic Interference 28412.2.1 The Interference Model 28412.3 EMC Strategy 28612.4 Design and Installation 28812.4.1 Equipment Layout 28812.4.2 Minimizing the Earth Network Impedance 28812.4.3 Minimizing the Earth Bond Impedance 28912.4.4 Grounding of Cable Shields 29012.4.5 Appropriate Design of Cables Routes 29012.4.5.1 Minimizing CM Loops 29112.4.5.2 Minimizing DM Loops 29112.5 Cable Tray Assembling and Earthing 29112.5.1 Cable Segregation 29112.5.2 Cables Classification 29212.5.3 Separation Distances 29212.5.4 Filtering 29312.6 Overvoltage Arrestors 29412.7 EMC Analysis 29412.8 EMC Tests 295References 29713 Stray Current and Rail Potential Control Strategies in Electric Railway Systems 299Aydin Zaboli and Behrooz Vahidi13.1 Introduction 29913.2 Principle of Stray Current and Corrosion Calculation 30013.2.1 Mathematical Calculation of Stray Current 30013.2.2 Corrosion Formulation 30013.3 Literature Review of Control Strategies 30213.4 Stray Current Control and Limitation Methods 30313.4.1 Increase of Rail-to-Earth Resistance 30313.4.2 Locating TPSs Adjacent to the Points of Maximum Train Acceleration or Adding TPSs 30413.4.3 Traction Supply Voltage Increase 30513.4.4 Stray Current Collection Mats 30613.4.5 Grounding Schemes 31013.4.5.1 Ungrounded System 31013.4.5.2 Directly Grounded System 31113.4.5.3 Diode-Grounded System 31213.4.5.4 Thyristor-Grounded System 31213.4.6 Insulating Pad 31313.4.7 Welding Running Rails 31313.4.8 4th Rail for Returning Current Path 31413.4.9 Traction Power Substations Based on DC Auto-Transformer 31513.4.10 Resistance of the Earth Wire to Reinforcing Bar 31613.5 Conclusion 319References 31914 Earthing, Bonding, and Stray Current 325Sahil Bhagat14.1 E&B provisions for Traction Power Supply 32614.1.1 DC Traction Return System 32614.1.2 Wayside Earthing and Bonding in DC Traction System 32614.1.2.1 Rail Potential and Return Circuit 32714.1.3 Earthing and Bonding in DC Traction Power Substations 32814.1.3.1 Equipment Frames 32814.1.3.2 Voltage-Limiting Device (VLD) 32814.2 AC Traction Return System 32914.2.1 Wayside Earthing and Bonding in AC Traction 32914.2.1.1 Rail Potential and Return Circuit 33114.3 E&B Provisions for Station and Technical Buildings 33114.3.1 Electrical Safety of Persons 33114.3.1.1 Direct Contact 33114.3.1.2 Indirect Contact 33214.3.1.3 Touch Voltages 33214.4 Protection 33414.4.1 Protection Against Thermal Stress 33414.4.2 Protection Against Overvoltage 33414.5 Structure Earthing and Bonding System 33414.6 Earthing and Equipotential Bonding 33514.6.1 Indoor Equipment 33514.6.2 Outdoor Equipment 33514.7 Stray Current 33614.7.1 Stray Current Corrosion 33614.7.2 Parameters to Control Stray Current 33714.7.3 Criteria for Stray Current Assessment 33814.7.4 Design Provisions to Reduce Stray Current 33814.7.5 Trackwork 33814.7.5.1 Maximum Longitudinal Resistance of the Rail 33814.7.5.2 Insulation Measures 33814.7.6 Stray Current Collection System (SCCS) 33914.7.7 Power Supply Design 33914.7.8 Earthing and Bonding 340References 34015 Regenerative Braking Energy in Electric Railway Systems 343Mahdiyeh Khodaparastan, Ahmed A. Mohamed, and Constantine Spanos15.1 Introduction 34315.2 Regenerative Braking Energy 34315.3 Regenerative Braking Energy Recuperation Methods 34415.3.1 Train Timetable Optimization 34415.3.2 Storage-Based Solutions 34515.3.2.1 Onboard Energy Storage 34815.3.2.2 Wayside Energy Storage 34915.3.3 Reversible Substation 35015.3.4 Hybrid Reversible Substation and Wayside Energy Storage Modeling 35215.3.5 Choosing the Right Application 35515.4 New York City Transit - Case Study 35615.4.1 NYC Transit Systems 35615.4.2 Wayside Energy Storage 35615.4.3 Reversible Substation 36115.4.4 Hybrid Reversible Substation and Wayside Energy Storage 361References 36216 Flywheel Wayside Energy Storage for Electric Rail Systems 367Ahmed A. Mohamed, Rohama Ahmad, William Franks, Brian Battle, and Robert Abboud16.1 Introduction 36716.2 Beacon Power's Kinetic Energy Storage System 36716.2.1 Key Features of Beacon Flywheels 36816.3 Train Simulation Study 37016.3.1 Synopsis 37016.3.2 Modeling Scope 37016.3.3 Modeling Scenarios 37016.3.4 Results and Discussion 37116.3.4.1 Transient Response 37116.3.4.2 24-hour Steady State Response 37716.3.4.3 Effect of Changing Chopper Activation Voltage 37916.3.4.4 Engaging the flywheel all the time 38816.3.4.5 State of Charge Control 38816.4 1MW Kinetic Energy Storage System Financial Results 39216.4.1 Train Simulation Study 39216.4.2 Cases Run 39216.4.3 Capital Costs 39316.4.4 Estimation of Annual Energy and Demand 39316.4.4.1 Results 39416.4.4.2 Emission Reduction 394References 39717 Distributed Energy Resource Integration with Electrical Railway Systems: NYC Case Study 399Rohama Ahmad, Jaskaran Singh, and Ahmed A. Mohamed17.1 Introduction 39917.2 DER Integration with Subway Systems 40017.2.1 Regenerative Braking Energy Recuperation 40017.2.2 AC vs DC Integration 40017.2.3 ESS Selection and Allocation 40017.3 Case Study 40117.3.1 NYC's Subway System 40117.3.2 Model 40417.3.3 DER Integration 40917.3.4 Results of DER Integration 41117.4 Conclusion 415Reference 41618 Challenges and State of the Art in the Agricultural Machinery Electrification 417Luigi Alberti and Michele Mattetti18.1 Introduction 41718.2 Conventional Powertrain and Electrification Challenges 41818.3 Electrification of Auxiliaries 420References 42119 Electrification of Agricultural Machinery: Main Solutions and Components 425Luigi Alberti and Diego Troncon19.1 Powertrain Electrification 42519.1.1 Diesel-Electric and Hybrid-Electric Powertrains 42519.1.1.1 Series Architectures 42619.1.1.2 Parallel Architectures 42819.1.1.3 Series-Parallel Architectures 42919.1.2 Full-Electric Powertrains 43019.1.3 Battery Electric Tractors (BETs) 43019.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Tractors (FCETs) 43119.2 Main Components for Tractors' Electric Drivetrains 43219.2.1 Electric Energy Storage Systems 43219.2.2 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Storage 43319.2.3 Electric Machines 43319.2.4 Power Converters 434References 43420 Feasibility Evaluation of Hybrid Electric Agricultural Tractors Based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis 437Luigi Alberti, Elia Scolaro, and Matteo Beligoj20.1 Introduction 43720.2 Case Studies and Operating Cycles 43820.2.1 Orchard Tractor 43820.2.2 Row Crop Tractor's Medium-Duty Use 43820.2.3 Row Crop Tractor's Heavy-Duty Use 43920.3 System Modeling 44020.3.1 Internal Combustion Engine 44020.3.2 Converter and Electric Machine 44020.3.3 Battery 44020.3.4 Power Management 44120.3.5 CO2 Emission Estimation 44220.4 Design Specifications and Power Management Tuning 44220.4.1 Battery Capacity Sizing and Power Management Tuning 44220.4.2 Electric Machine and Power Electronics Design Specs 44320.4.3 ICE Downsizing 44320.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 44420.5.1 Tractor Components and Energy Pricing 44420.6 Results 44520.6.1 Saving Each Cycle 44520.6.2 Varying Component and Energy Pricing - Convenience of the Hybrid Tractors 44720.6.3 Specs and Savings Summary 44920.7 Conclusion 449References 45021 Advances in Data-Driven Modeling and Control of Naval Power Systems 453Javad Khazaei and Ali Hosseinipour21.1 Introduction to DC Watercraft Systems 45321.2 Architectures for DC Shipboard Power Systems 45621.2.1 Radial Topology 45621.2.2 Multi-Zone Topology 45621.3 Application of Hybrid Energy Storage in DC Watercrafts 45821.3.1 Inner Control Loops 45821.3.2 Generator Control 45921.3.3 Resistive-Capacitive Droop Control 46021.3.4 Proposed Complex Droop Control 46121.4 Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics of DC/DC Converters in Watercrafts 46321.4.1 Smoothing Data for Derivative Estimation 46521.4.2 Estimating the Time Derivative Matrix X 46521.4.3 Identification by Sparse Regression 46521.4.4 Dynamic Model of the DC/DC Converters 46621.4.5 Case Studies 46721.4.6 Time-Domain Verification 46721.5 Conclusion and Future Work 468References 46922 Shipboard DC Hybrid Power Systems: Pathway to Electrification and Decarbonization 475Mehdi Zadeh and Pramod Ghimire22.1 Introduction 47522.2 Shipboard Power System Architectures 47622.2.1 AC Switchboards 47622.2.2 DC Power System 47722.2.3 Hybrid AC-DC Power System 47822.3 Shipboard DC Power System Topologies 47822.4 Energy Storage and Alternative Energy Sources in Shipboard Power System 48122.4.1 Energy Storages 48222.4.2 Fuel Cell 48322.5 High-Level Control of Energy Storage Systems 48422.5.1 Peak Shaving 48422.5.2 Load Leveling 48422.5.3 Zero Emission 48522.5.4 Battery Charging 48622.5.5 Strategic Loading 48622.5.6 Enhanced Dynamic Performance 48722.5.7 Spinning Reserve 48722.6 Load Sharing in DC Power System 48822.7 Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction Potentials 48822.8 Case Studies 48922.8.1 Case Study 1 - Cruise Vessel 49222.8.2 Case Study 2 - Offshore Vessel 494References 495Index 499

O autorze

Ahmed A. Mohamed, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Grove School of Engineering, City University of New York at City College. He is also Director of the Smart Grid Interdependencies Laboratory and Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, IEEE Access, and MDPI Energies.Ahmad Arshan Khan, PhD, is Director of Power Electronics and Electric Machines at CNH Industrial.Ahmed T. Elsayed, PhD, is a Senior Electrical Design and Analysis Engineer and Technical Lead with Boeing Defense, Space and Security (BDS).Mohamed A. Elshaer, is a Power Electronics Technical Expert in the Electrified Systems Engineering department of Ford Motor Company.