Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere: An Overview of the Work of Eurotrac

ISBN-13: 9783642640971 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 474 str.

Peter Borrell; Patricia M. Borrell

Opis

A major environmental concern is the increasing burden on all scales of photo-oxidants, acidifying substances and potential nutrients in the troposphere. These lead to episodes of summer smog, and appreciable damage to eco-systems both on land and at sea. Underlying the environmental effects is the complex scientific problem of linking the man-made and biological emissions to the myriad chemical reactions that transform the pollutants as they are transported to and deposited in the surroundings and also pristine areas remote from the sources. The project, the scientific results of which are described in this book, was set up to study the problem in an inter-disciplinary way by co-ordinating the work of more than 150 research groups in some 20 countries.

Spis treści

I An Overview and Synthesis of the Scientific Results.- 1 EUROTRAC: Organisation, Structure and Achievements.- 1.1 EUROTRAC: definition; objectives.- 1.2 The historical context.- 1.3 The principal areas of scientific interest.- 1.4 The subprojects and working groups.- 1.5 The direction and management of EUROTRAC.- 1.6 The funding of EUROTRAC.- 1.7 Evaluation of progress.- 1.8 The Application Project.- 1.9 Links to environmental policy development.- 1.10 Some other achievements of EUROTRAC.- 1.11 Some lessons learned from EUROTRAC.- 1.12 Future needs - EUROTRAC 2.- 1.13 References.- 2 Photo-oxidants.- 2.1 Introduction: photo-oxidants, tropospheric ozone and EUROTRAC.- 2.2 Photo-oxidant formation and its relationship to policy development.- 2.3 Reactions and mechanisms involved in photo-oxidant formation.- 2.4 Observations in the atmosphere.- 2.5 Modelling studies.- 2.6 Uncertainties remaining.- 2.7 References.- 3 Research on Clouds within EUROTRAC.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Main results of cloud research within EUROTRAC.- 3.3 The Cloud Group, the integration of competencies required for cloud research and the assessment of future research needs.- 3.4 References.- 4 Surface Exchange.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Ozone deposition: the effect of NO emission from soil bacteria.- 4.3 Emission of volatile organic compounds from plants.- 4.4 Input of nitrogen and eutrophication of coastal waters.- 4.5 Emission from the coastal waters by spray formation.- 4.6 New developments in experimental techniques for flux measurements and future needs.- 4.7 Conclusions.- 4.8 References.- 5 Chemical Transfer and Transport Modelling.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Models.- 5.3 Model input, initialisation and boundary conditions.- 5.4 Application of models and results.- 5.5 Model comparison and evaluation.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 5.7 References.- 6 Instrumentation.- 6.1 Introduction: requirements for instrument development.- 6.2 The instrument subprojects within EUROTRAC.- 6.3 Instrument development as part of other subprojects.- 6.4 Positive and negative outcomes of instrument development.- 6.5 Conclusions, recommendations and future needs.- 6.6 References.- 7 Policy Applications of the EUROTRAC Results: The Application Project.- 7.1 The origin of the Application Project.- 7.2 EUROTRAC and the Application Project.- 7.3 Photo-oxidants in Europe: in the free troposphere, in rural and in urban atmospheres.- 7.4 Acidification of soil and water and the atmospheric contribution to nutrient inputs.- 7.5 The contribution of EUROTRAC to the development of tools for the study of tropospheric pollution.- 7.6 Uncertainties in our present knowledge.- 7.7 Further information.- 7.8 References.- II An Overview of the Scientific Work of the Subprojects.- 8 Field Measurements.- 8.1 ALPTRAC: High Alpine Aerosol and Snow Chemistry Study.- 8.1.1 Aims.- 8.1.2 Principal scientific results.- 8.1.3 Conclusions.- 8.1.4 Further information.- 8.1.5 ALPTRAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.1.6 References.- 8.2 GCE: An Overview of Ground Based Cloud Experiments.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Overview of the three GCE joint field experiments.- 8.2.3 Main results obtained within GCE.- 8.2.4 GCE seen in retrospect.- 8.2.5 Further information.- 8.2.6 GCE: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.2.7 References.- 8.3 TOR: An Overview of Tropospheric Ozone Research.- 8.3.1 Aims of the subproject.- 8.3.2 Activities.- 8.3.3 Results and conclusions.- 8.3.4 Final remarks.- 8.3.5 Further information.- 8.3.6 TOR: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.3.7 References.- 8.4 TRACT: Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Aims of the subproject TRACT.- 8.4.3 TRANSALP.- 8.4.4 The TRACT field experiment.- 8.4.5 Emission inventory.- 8.4.6 Modelling activities.- 8.4.7 Observations and results in TRACT.- 8.4.8 Conclusions and reservations.- 8.4.9 Acknowledgements.- 8.4.10 Further information.- 8.4.11 TRACT: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.4.11 References.- 9 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange.- 9.1 ASE: An Overview of the Air-Sea Exchange Subproject.- 9.1.1 Introduction.- 9.1.2 Aims of the subproject ASE.- 9.1.3 Principal scientific activities and results.- 9.1.4 Positive and negative aspects of ASE.- 9.1.5 Acknowledgements.- 9.1.6 Further Information.- 9.1.7 ASE: Steering group and principal investigators.- 9.1.8 References.- 9.2 BIATEX: Assessment and Achievements.- 9.2.1 Introduction.- 9.2.2 Promises versus final products of BIATEX.- 9.2.3 Principal results obtained in BIATEX.- 9.2.4 Why did BIATEX not succeed in some areas?.- 9.2.5 Future developments in atmosphere-biosphere exchange.- 9.2.6 Further information.- 9.2.7 BIATEX: Steering group and principal investigators.- 9.2.8 References.- 10 Laboratory Studies.- 10.1 HALIPP: Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes.- 10.1.1 Summary.- 10.1.2 Aims of HALIPP.- 10.1.3 Highlights of HALIPP activities and achievements.- 10.1.4 Selected results illustrated.- 10.1.5 Assessment of HALIPP achievements.- 10.1.6 Further information.- 10.1.7 HALIPP: Steering group and principal investigators.- 10.1.8 References.- 10.2 LACTOZ: Chemical Processes related to Tropospheric Ozone.- 10.2.1 Summary.- 10.2.2 Aims and objectives.- 10.2.3 Scientific results.- 10.2.4 Conclusions.- 10.2.5 Further information.- 10.2.6 LACTOZ: Steering group and principal investigators.- 10.2.7 References.- 10.3 CMWG: The Chemical Mechanism Working Group.- 10.3.1 Introduction.- 10.3.2 EMEP chemical mechanism.- 10.3.3 RADM2 chemical mechanism.- 10.3.4 Chemical mechanism intercomparison.- 10.3.5 References.- 11 Modelling and Emissions.- 11.1 EUMAC: European Modelling of Atmospheric Constituents.- 11.1.1 Summary.- 11.1.2 Aims of the subproject EUMAC.- 11.1.3 Structure of EUMAC.- 11.1.4 Long-range transport modelling.- 11.1.5 Model evaluation.- 11.1.6 Smaller-scale models.- 11.1.7 Chemical mechanisms.- 11.1.8 Clouds.- 11.1.9 Emissions.- 11.1.10 Conclusions.- 11.1.11 Further information.- 11.1.12 EUMAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 11.1.13 References.- 11.2 GENEMIS: Generation of European Emission Data for Episodes.- 11.2.1 Summary.- 11.2.2 Aims of the research.- 11.2.3 Principal scientific results.- 11.2.4 Summary of the results.- 11.2.5 Further information.- 11.2.6 GENEMIS: Steering Group and Principal Investigators.- 11.2.7 References.- 11.3 GLOMAC: An Overview of Global Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling.- 11.3.1 Summary.- 11.3.2 The original aims of the subproject.- 11.3.3 Principal scientific results.- 11.3.4 Achievements with respect to original aims.- 11.3.5 Further information.- 11.3.6 GLOMAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 11.3.6 References.- 12 Instrument Development.- 12.1 JETDLAG: Joint European Development of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases.- 12.1.1 Introduction.- 12.1.2 JETDLAG aims and history.- 12.1.3 Principal results.- 12.1.4 Achievements.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 JETDLAG: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.1.7 References.- 12.2 TESLAS: Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding.- 12.2.1 Original goals.- 12.2.2 Organisation and activities of the subproject.- 12.2.3 Principal scientific results.- 12.2.4 Conclusions.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 TESLAS: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.2.7 References.- 12.3 TOPAS: Tropospheric Optical Absorption Spectroscopy.- 12.3.1 Summary.- 12.3.2 Aims of the TOPAS subproject.- 12.3.3 Activities and principal results.- 12.3.4 Achievements.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 TOPAS: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.3.7 References.- Appendix A.- Table 1 EUROTRAC Subprojects and Subproject Coordinators 1987 to 1955.- Table 2 EUROTRAC International Executive Committee Members 1987 to 1996.- Table 3 Countries Participating in EUROTRAC.- Table 4 EUROTRAC Scientific Steering Committee Members 1986 to 1996.- Table 5 EUROTRAC International Scientific Secretariat 1986 to 1996.- Table 6 Chemical Mechanism Working Group Members.- Table 7 The Cloud Group Members.- Table 8 Application Project Members.- Appendix B.- EUROTRAC Publications.- Subject Index;.

Blurb

A major environmental concern is the increasing burden on all scales of photo-oxidants, acidifying substances and potential nutrients in the troposphere. These lead to episodes of summer smog, and appreciable damage to eco-systems both on land and at sea. Underlying the environmental effects is the complex scientific problem of linking the man-made and biological emissions to the myriad chemical reactions that transform the pollutants as they are transported to and deposited in the surroundings and also pristine areas remote from the sources. The project, the scientific results of which are described in this book, was set up to study the problem in an inter-disciplinary way by co-ordinating the work of more than 150 research groups in some 20 countries. The book deals with all the scientific aspects of the problem, ranging from laboratory and field studies to complex computer modelling and instrument development. As such, it presents a lively picture of the subject, written by acknowledged experts in the field. The book contains analyses of the trends in pollutant concentrations in the 20th century, and gives not only detailed overviews of the scientific fields that constitute the atmospheric sciences, but also numerous suggestions for the future work that will necessary before the required scientific guidance can be given with sufficient confidence to those responsible for environmental policy development for the troposphere.