Transient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach

ISBN-13: 9781119480532 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 624 str.

Juan A. Martinez-Velasco

Opis

A hands-on introduction to advanced applications of power system transients with practical examples Transient Analysis of Power Systems: A Practical Approach offers an authoritative guide to the traditional capabilities and the new software and hardware approaches that can be used to carry out transient studies and make possible new and more complex research. The book explores a wide range of topics from an introduction to the subject to a review of the many advanced applications, involving the creation of custom-made models and tools and the application of multicore environments for advanced studies. The authors cover the general aspects of the transient analysis such as modelling guidelines, solution techniques and capabilities of a transient tool. The book also explores the usual application of a transient tool including over-voltages, power quality studies and simulation of power electronics devices. In addition, it contains an introduction to the transient analysis using the ATP. All the studies are supported by practical examples and simulation results. This important book: Summarises modelling guidelines and solution techniques used in transient analysis of power systems Provides a collection of practical examples with a detailed introduction and a discussion of results Includes a collection of case studies that illustrate how a simulation tool can be used for building environments that can be applied to both analysis and design of power systems Offers guidelines for building custom-made models and libraries of modules, supported by some practical examples Facilitates application of a transients tool to fields hardly covered with other time-domain simulation tools Includes a companion website with data (input) files of examples presented, case studies and power point presentations used to support cases studies Written for EMTP users, electrical engineers, Transient Analysis of Power Systems is a hands-on and practical guide to advanced applications of power system transients that includes a range of practical examples.

Spis treści

About the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xixAbout the Companion Website xxi1 Introduction to Transients Analysis of Power Systems with ATP 1Juan A. Martinez-Velasco1.1 Overview 11.2 The ATP Package 31.3 ATP Documentation 51.4 Scope of the Book 6References 82 Modelling of Power Components for Transients Studies 11Juan A. Martinez-Velasco2.1 Introduction 112.2 Overhead Lines 122.2.1 Overview 122.2.2 Multi-conductor Transmission Line Equations and Models 132.2.2.1 Transmission Line Equations 132.2.2.2 Corona Effect 152.2.2.3 Line Constants Routine 152.2.3 Transmission Line Towers 162.2.4 Transmission Line Grounding 172.2.4.1 Introduction 172.2.4.2 Low-Frequency Models 172.2.4.3 High-Frequency Models 182.2.4.4 Treatment of Soil Ionization 202.2.5 Transmission Line Insulation 212.2.5.1 Voltage-Time Curves 212.2.5.2 Integration Methods 222.2.5.3 Physical Models 222.3 Insulated Cables 232.3.1 Overview 232.3.2 Insulated Cable Designs 242.3.3 Bonding Techniques 252.3.4 Material Properties 262.3.5 Discussion 272.3.6 Cable Constants/Parameters Routines 272.4 Transformers 282.4.1 Overview 282.4.2 Transformer Models for Low-Frequency Transients 312.4.2.1 Introduction to Low-Frequency Models 312.4.2.2 Single-Phase Transformer Models 322.4.2.3 Three-Phase Transformer Models 362.4.3 Transformer Modelling for High-Frequency Transients 372.4.3.1 Introduction to High-Frequency Models 372.4.3.2 Models for Internal Voltage Calculation 392.4.3.3 Terminal Models 412.5 Rotating Machines 452.5.1 Overview 452.5.2 Rotating Machine Models for Low-Frequency Transients 462.5.2.1 Introduction 462.5.2.2 Modelling of Induction Machines 462.5.2.3 Modelling of Synchronous Machines 512.5.3 High-Frequency Models for Rotating Machine Windings 552.5.3.1 Introduction 552.5.3.2 Internal Models 562.5.3.3 Terminal Models 582.6 Circuit Breakers 582.6.1 Overview 582.6.2 Circuit Breaker Models for Opening Operations 592.6.2.1 Current Interruption 592.6.2.2 Circuit Breaker Models 602.6.2.3 Gas-Filled Circuit Breaker Models 612.6.2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Models 622.6.3 Circuit Breaker Models for Closing Operations 642.6.3.1 Introduction 642.6.3.2 Statistical Switches 652.6.3.3 Prestrike Models 66Acknowledgement 66References 663 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 75Juan A. Martinez-Velasco3.1 Introduction 753.2 Modelling of Power System Components for Transient Analysis 763.3 Solution Techniques for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis 783.3.1 Introduction 783.3.2 Solution Techniques for Linear Networks 783.3.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 783.3.2.2 Companion Circuits of Basic Circuit Elements 793.3.2.3 Computation of Transients in Linear Networks 853.3.2.4 Example: Transient Solution of a Linear Network 863.3.3 Networks with Nonlinear Elements 873.3.3.1 Introduction 873.3.3.2 Compensation Methods 873.3.3.3 Piecewise Linear Representation 893.3.4 Solution Methods for Networks with Switches 903.3.5 Numerical Oscillations 913.4 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 963.5 Initialization 973.5.1 Introduction 973.5.2 Initialization of the Power Network 973.5.2.1 Options for Steady-State Solution Without Harmonics 973.5.2.2 Steady-State Solution 983.5.3 Load Flow Solution 993.5.4 Initialization of Control Systems 1003.6 Discussion 1003.6.1 Solution Techniques Implemented in ATP 1013.6.2 Other Solution Techniques 1013.6.2.1 Transient Solution of Networks 1013.6.2.2 Transient Analysis of Control Systems 1023.6.2.3 Steady-State Initialization 102Acknowledgement 103References 103To Probe Further 1064 The ATP Package: Capabilities and Applications 107Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo4.1 Introduction 1074.2 Capabilities of the ATP Package 1084.2.1 Overview 1084.2.2 The Simulation Module - TPBIG 1094.2.2.1 Overview 1094.2.2.2 Modelling Capabilities 1104.2.2.3 Solution Techniques 1174.2.3 The Graphical User Interface - ATPDraw 1204.2.3.1 Overview 1204.2.3.2 Main Functionalities 1204.2.3.3 Supporting Modules for Power System Components 1234.2.4 The Postprocessor - TOP 1254.2.4.1 Data Management 1254.2.4.2 Data Display 1264.2.4.3 Data Processing 1274.2.4.4 Data Formatting 1274.2.4.5 Graphical Output 1274.3 Applications 1284.4 Illustrative Case Studies 1294.4.1 Introduction 1294.4.2 Case Study 1: Optimum Allocation of Capacitor Banks 1304.4.3 Case Study 2: Parallel Resonance Between Transmission Lines 1324.4.4 Case Study 3: Selection of Surge Arresters 1334.5 Remarks 136References 136To Probe Further 1385 Introduction to the Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients Using ATP 139Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Francisco González-Molin5.1 Introduction 1395.2 Input Data File Using ATP Formats 1405.3 Some Important Issues 1425.3.1 Before Simulating the Test Case 1425.3.1.1 Setting Up a System Model 1425.3.1.2 Topology Requirements 1425.3.1.3 Selection of the Time-Step Size and the Simulation Time 1435.3.1.4 Units 1435.3.1.5 Output Selection 1445.3.2 After Simulating the Test Case 1445.3.2.1 Verifying the Results 1445.3.2.2 Debugging Suggestions 1445.4 Introductory Cases. Linear Circuits 1455.4.1 The Series and Parallel RLC Circuits 1455.4.2 The Series RLC Circuit: Energization Transient 1455.4.2.1 Theoretical Analysis 1455.4.2.2 ATP Implementation 1475.4.2.3 Simulation Results 1485.4.3 The Parallel RLC Circuit: De-energization Transient 1505.4.3.1 Theoretical Analysis 1505.4.3.2 ATP Implementation 1525.4.3.3 Simulation Results 1535.5 Switching of Capacitive Currents 1555.5.1 Introduction 1555.5.2 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - DC Supply 1555.5.2.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 1555.5.2.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 1575.5.3 Switching Transients in Simple Capacitive Circuits - AC Supply 1595.5.3.1 Energization of a Capacitor Bank 1595.5.3.2 Energization of a Back-to-Back Capacitor Bank 1605.5.3.3 Reclosing into Trapped Charge 1625.5.4 Discharge of a Capacitor Bank 1645.6 Switching of Inductive Currents 1685.6.1 Introduction 1685.6.2 Switching of Inductive Currents in Linear Circuits 1685.6.2.1 Interruption of Inductive Currents 1685.6.2.2 Voltage Escalation During the Interruption of Inductive Currents 1705.6.2.3 Current Chopping 1725.6.2.4 Making of Inductive Currents 1755.6.3 Switching of Inductive Currents in Nonlinear Circuits 1765.6.4 Transients in Nonlinear Reactances 1785.6.4.1 Interruption of an Inductive Current 1805.6.4.2 Energization of a Nonlinear Reactance 1815.6.5 Ferroresonance 1845.7 Transient Analysis of Circuits with Distributed Parameters 1875.7.1 Introduction 1875.7.2 Transients in Linear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 1875.7.2.1 Energization of Lines and Cables 1875.7.2.2 Transient Recovery Voltage During Fault Clearing 1915.7.3 Transients in Nonlinear Circuits with Distributed-Parameter Components 1955.7.3.1 Surge Arrester Protection 1955.7.3.2 Protection Against Lightning Overvoltages Using Surge Arresters 196References 201Acknowledgement 202To Probe Further 2026 Calculation of Power System Overvoltages 203Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Ferley Castro-Aranda6.1 Introduction 2036.2 Power System Overvoltages: Causes and Characterization 2046.3 Modelling for Simulation of Power System Overvoltages 2066.3.1 Introduction 2066.3.2 Modelling Guidelines for Temporary Overvoltages 2076.3.3 Modelling Guidelines for Slow-Front Overvoltages 2086.3.3.1 Lines and Cables 2086.3.3.2 Transformers 2086.3.3.3 Switchgear 2086.3.3.4 Capacitors and Reactors 2096.3.3.5 Surge Arresters 2096.3.3.6 Loads 2106.3.3.7 Power Supply 2106.3.4 Modelling Guidelines for Fast-Front Overvoltages 2106.3.4.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 2106.3.4.2 Substations 2126.3.4.3 Surge Arresters 2136.3.4.4 Sources 2146.3.5 Modelling Guidelines for Very Fast-Front Overvoltages in Gas Insulated Substations 2146.4 ATP Capabilities for Power System Overvoltage Studies 2166.5 Case Studies 2166.5.1 Introduction 2166.5.2 Low-Frequency Overvoltages 2166.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Resonance Between Parallel Lines 2176.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Ferroresonance in a Distribution System 2196.5.3 Slow-Front Overvoltages 2256.5.3.1 Case Study 3: Transmission Line Energization 2276.5.3.2 Case Study 4: Capacitor Bank Switching 2386.5.4 Fast-Front Overvoltages 2436.5.4.1 Case Study 5: Lightning Performance of an Overhead Transmission Line 2446.5.5 Very Fast-Front Overvoltages 2616.5.5.1 Case Study 6: Origin of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 2626.5.5.2 Case Study 7: Propagation of Very Fast-Front Transients in GIS 2636.5.5.3 Case Study 8: Very Fast-Front Transients in a 765 kV GIS 267References 270To Probe Further 2747 Simulation of Rotating Machine Dynamics 275Juan A. Martinez-Velasco7.1 Introduction 2757.2 Representation of Rotating Machines in Transients Studies 2757.3 ATP Rotating Machines Models 2767.3.1 Background 2767.3.2 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 2767.3.3 Rotating Machine Models for Fast Transients Simulation 2787.4 Solution Methods 2787.4.1 Introduction 2787.4.2 Three-Phase Synchronous Machine Model 2787.4.3 Universal Machine Module 2817.4.4 WindSyn-Based Models 2847.5 Procedure to Edit Machine Data Input 2847.6 Capabilities of Rotating Machine Models 2857.7 Case Studies: Three-Phase Synchronous Machine 2877.7.1 Overview 2877.7.2 Case Study 1: Stand-Alone Three-Phase Synchronous Generator 2887.7.3 Case Study 2: Load Rejection 2887.7.4 Case Study 3: Transient Stability 2987.7.5 Case Study 4: Subsynchronous Resonance 3027.8 Case Studies: Three-Phase Induction Machine 3097.8.1 Overview 3097.8.2 Case Study 5: Induction Machine Test 3107.8.3 Case Study 6: Transient Response of the Induction Machine 3137.8.3.1 First Case 3147.8.3.2 Second Case 3147.8.3.3 Third Case 3187.8.4 Case Study 7: SCIM-Based Wind Power Generation 323References 328To Probe Further 3318 Power Electronics Applications 333Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo8.1 Introduction 3338.2 Converter Models 3348.2.1 Switching Models 3348.2.2 Dynamic Average Models 3348.3 Power Semiconductor Models 3358.3.1 Introduction 3358.3.2 Ideal Device Models 3358.3.3 More Detailed Device Models 3358.3.4 Approximate Models 3368.4 Solution Methods for Power Electronics Studies 3378.4.1 Introduction 3378.4.2 Time-Domain Transient Solution 3378.4.3 Initialization 3388.5 ATP Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 3388.5.1 Introduction 3388.5.2 Switching Devices 3398.5.2.1 Built-in Semiconductor Models 3398.5.2.2 Custom-made Semiconductor Models 3408.5.3 Power Electronics Systems 3428.5.4 Power Systems 3438.5.5 Control Systems 3438.5.6 Rotating Machines 3448.5.6.1 Built-in Rotating Machine Models 3448.5.6.2 Custom-made Rotating Machine Models 3448.5.7 Simulation Errors 3458.6 Power Electronics Applications in Transmission, Distribution, Generation and Storage Systems 3458.6.1 Overview 3458.6.2 Transmission Systems 3468.6.3 Distribution Systems 3468.6.4 DER Systems 3478.7 Introduction to the Simulation of Power Electronics Systems 3498.7.1 Overview 3498.7.2 One-Switch Case Studies 3508.7.3 Two-Switches Case Studies 3518.7.4 Application of the GIFU Request 3558.7.5 Simulation of Power Electronics Converters 3618.7.5.1 Single-phase Inverter 3618.7.5.2 Three-phase Line-Commutated Diode Bridge Rectifier 3628.7.6 Discussion 3658.8 Case Studies 3678.8.1 Introduction 3678.8.2 Case Study 1: Three-phase Controlled Rectifier 3678.8.3 Case Study 2: Three-phase Adjustable Speed AC Drive 3698.8.4 Case Study 3: Digitally-controlled Static VAR Compensator 3738.8.4.1 Test System 3758.8.4.2 Control Strategy 3758.8.5 Case Study 4: Unified Power Flow Controller 3828.8.5.1 Configuration 3828.8.5.2 Control 3828.8.5.3 Modelling 3848.8.5.4 ATPDraw Implementation 3858.8.5.5 Simulation Results 3858.8.6 Case Study 5: Solid State Transformer 3868.8.6.1 Introduction 3868.8.6.2 SST Configuration 3888.8.6.3 Control Strategies 3888.8.6.4 Test System and Modelling Guidelines 3938.8.6.5 Case Studies 396Acknowledgement 399References 399To Probe Further 4049 Creation of Libraries 405Juan A. Martinez Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo9.1 Introduction 4059.2 Creation of Custom-Made Modules 4069.2.1 Introduction 4069.2.2 Application of DATA BASE MODULE 4069.2.3 Application of MODELS 4119.2.4 The Group Option 4179.3 Application of the ATP to Power Quality Studies 4199.3.1 Introduction 4199.3.2 Power Quality Issues 4199.3.3 Simulation of Power Quality Problems 4229.3.4 Power Quality Studies 4239.4 Custom-Made Modules for Power Quality Studies 4269.5 Case Studies 4269.5.1 Overview 4269.5.2 Harmonics Analysis 4269.5.2.1 Case Study 1: Generation of Harmonic Waveforms 4289.5.2.2 Case Study 2: Harmonic Resonance 4319.5.2.3 Case Study 3: Harmonic Frequency Scan 4349.5.2.4 Case Study 4: Compensation of Harmonic Currents 4419.5.3 Voltage Dip Studies in Distribution Systems 4479.5.3.1 Overview 4479.5.3.2 Case Study 5: Voltage Dip Measurement 4499.5.3.3 Case Study 6: Voltage Dip Characterization 4549.5.3.4 Case Study 7: Voltage Dip Mitigation 462References 466To Probe Further 47010 Protection Systems 471Juan A. Martinez-Velasco and Jacinto Martin-Arnedo10.1 Introduction 47110.2 Modelling Guidelines for Protection Studies 47210.2.1 Line and Cable Models 47210.2.1.1 Models for Steady-State Studies 47310.2.1.2 Models for Transient Studies 47310.2.2 Transformer Models 47310.2.2.1 Low-frequency Transformer Models 47410.2.2.2 High-frequency Transformer Models 47510.2.3 Source Models 47510.2.4 Circuit Breaker Models 47510.3 Models of Instrument Transformers 47610.3.1 Introduction 47610.3.2 Current Transformers 47610.3.3 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers 47810.3.4 Voltage Transformers 47910.3.5 Case Studies 48010.3.5.1 Case Study 1: Current Transformer Test 48010.3.5.2 Case Study 2: Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer Test 48210.3.6 Discussion 48410.4 Relay Modelling 48410.4.1 Introduction 48410.4.2 Classification of Relay Models 48510.4.3 Implementation of Relay Models 48610.4.4 Applications of Relay Models 48810.4.5 Testing and Validation of Relay Models 48810.4.6 Accuracy and Limitations of Relay Models 49010.4.7 Case Studies 49010.4.7.1 Overview 49010.4.7.2 Case Study 3: Simulation of an Electromechanical Distance Relay 49110.4.7.3 Case Study 4: Simulation of a Numerical Distance Relay 49710.5 Protection of Distribution Systems 50810.5.1 Introduction 50810.5.2 Protection of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation 50810.5.2.1 Distribution Feeder Protection 50810.5.2.2 Interconnection Protection 50810.5.3 Modelling of Distribution Feeder Protective Devices 50910.5.3.1 Circuit Breakers - Overcurrent Relays 50910.5.3.2 Reclosers 51110.5.3.3 Fuses 51110.5.3.4 Sectionalizers 51210.5.4 Protection of the Interconnection of Distributed Generators 51310.5.5 Case Studies 51410.5.5.1 Case Study 5: Testing the Models 51410.5.5.2 Case Study 6: Coordination Between Protective Devices 52410.5.5.3 Case Study 7: Protection of Distributed Generation 52510.6 Discussion 531Acknowledgement 533References 533To Probe Further 53711 ATP Applications Using a Parallel Computing Environment 539Javier A. Corea-Araujo, Gerardo Guerra and Juan A. Martinez-Velasco11.1 Introduction 53911.2 Bifurcation Diagrams for Ferroresonance Characterization 54011.2.1 Introduction 54011.2.2 Characterization of Ferroresonance 54011.2.3 Modelling Guidelines for Ferroresonance Analysis 54111.2.4 Generation of Bifurcation Diagrams 54111.2.5 Parametric Analysis Using a Multicore Environment 54211.2.6 Case Studies 54411.2.6.1 Case 1: An Illustrative Example 54411.2.6.2 Case 2: Ferroresonant Behaviour of a Voltage Transformer 54511.2.6.3 Case 3: Ferroresonance in a Five-Legged Core Transformer 54511.2.7 Discussion 55011.3 Lightning Performance Analysis of Transmission Lines 55011.3.1 Introduction 55011.3.2 Lightning Stroke Characterization 55111.3.3 Modelling for Lightning Overvoltage Calculations 55211.3.4 Implementation of the Monte Carlo Procedure Using Parallel Computing 55411.3.5 Illustrative Example 55511.3.5.1 Test Line 55511.3.5.2 Line and Lightning Stroke Parameters 55511.3.5.3 Simulation Results 55911.3.6 Discussion 56211.4 Optimum Design of a Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 56311.4.1 Introduction 56311.4.2 Design and Operation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 56311.4.3 ATP Implementation of the Hybrid HVDC Circuit Breaker 56511.4.4 Test System 56611.4.5 Transient Response of the Hybrid Circuit Breaker 56711.4.6 Implementation of a Parallel Genetic Algorithm 56811.4.7 Simulation Results 57011.4.8 Discussion 574Acknowledgement 575References 575A Characteristics of the Multicore Installation 579B Test System Parameters for Ferroresonance Studies 579To Probe Further 580Index 581

O autorze

JUAN A. MARTINEZ-VELASCO, PHD, is retired from his position with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain. He has been involved in several EMTP courses and worked as a consultant for a number of Spanish companies. His teaching and research areas cover Power Systems Analysis, Transmission and Distribution, Power Quality, and Electromagnetic Transients.