Transformation Products of Synthetic Chemicals in the Environment

ISBN-13: 9783642260414 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 249 str.

Alistair Boxall

Opis

Following release to the environment, synthetic chemicals may be degraded by biotic and abiotic processes. The degradation of the chemical can follow a plethora of pathways and a range of other substances can be formed via thesedifferentpathways(e.g. 1]).Anumberoftermshavebeenusedforthese substances including metabolites, degradates and transformation products - in this book we use the term transformation products. While we often know a lot about the environmental properties and effects of the parent synthetic chemical, we know much less about the transformationproducts. Transformationproductscanbehave very differently fromtheparent c- pound (e.g. 2]). For example, selected transformation products are much more persistent than their associated parent compound in soils, waters and sediments andsomemaybetransported aroundthelocal, regionalandglobal environmentstoadifferentextentthantheparentcompound.Transformation products can also have very different toxicities than the parent compound (e.g. 3]) and in some cases transformation products can be orders of mag- tude more toxic than their parent compound; although this situation is rare. The environmental risks of transformation products can therefore be very different than the risks of the parent compound. Thepotentialenvironmentalimpactsoftransformationproductsarerec- nised by many regulatory assessment schemes. For example, in the EU, pes- cideproducersarenotonlyrequiredtoassessthefateandeffectsoftheparent pesticide but are also required to assess the potential adverse effects of major metabolitesandminor metabolitesthat aredeemed tobeofconcern 4]. S- ilar requirements also exist for new human and veterinary pharmaceuticals and biocides (e.g. 5]). However, for many older substances and many other substance classes (e.g. industrial chemicals), data on the environmental risks of transformationproductscan be limited or non-existent.

Spis treści

Part I Formation, Detection and Occurrence of Transformation Products Mechanisms of degradation of synthetic chemicals (Wackett) Predicting the Persistence of Organic Compounds (Howard) Analysing transformation products of synthetic chemicals (Perez) Occurrence of Transformation Products in the Environment (Kolpin) Part II Exposure of Transformation Products Fate of Transformation Products of Synthetic Chemicals (Hu) Modeling environmental exposure to transformation products of organic chemicals (Fenner) Treatment of Transformation Products (Adams) Part III Effects of Transformation Products Ecotoxicity of Transformation Products (Sinclair) Predicting the Ecotoxicological Effects of Transformation Products (Escher)