1. Introduction 2. 4D Printing: Definition, Smart Materials, and Applications 3. 3D and 4D Printing of Medical Devices 4. 3D and 4D Printing of Assistive Technology 5. 3D Bioprinting Techniques 6. Theoretical Methods for the Optimization of 3D Bioprinting: Printability, Formability, and Cell Survival 7. Multicellular Self-Assembly 8. Post-Printing Evolution of 3D Bioprinted Tissue Constructs 9. The Definition of 4D Bioprinting 10. Applications of 4D Bioprinting 11. Perspectives of 3D and 4D Bioprinting