Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth

ISBN-13: 9783030575694 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 1324 str.

Laith A. Jawad

Spis treści

- Description of the Project - 

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: their environment from origin to destination

 

Preliminary content table

 

Note: the authors affiliations are listed at the end of the TOC.

 

Part I.

Ancient Mesopotamia environment as depicted in clay tablets

Carrie Hritz, Ehud Galili, Avshalom Zemer, Baruch Rosen, Laith Jawad

 

 

Part II

The abiotic aspects of the Tigris-Euphrates river system

Jennifer Pournelle, Francesca Despini, Jennifer Pournelle

Section 1

Geography, geology and geomorphology

Sven Knutsson, Jean-Claude Plaziat, B. G. Warner, Adnan A.M. Aqrawi, Andrew D. Horbury, Jennifer Smith, C. Jones, A. Milewski, R. Becker,

Section 2

Climate, recent changes and its effect on the environment

E. Yan, C. Jones, R. Becker, Timothy J. Page,

Section 3

Water regime and hydrology: the major factor behind environmental changes

Mike C. Acreman, J. W. Dellapenna, R. Becker,

Section 4

Factors affecting the nature of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers

Rob G. Bijlsma, Maarten Platteeuw,

Section 5

Water characteristics

Christopher Reed, Govand H. Sherwani,

Section 6

Dams how can affect the freshwater environment

Dorothy Bonn, Richard H. Becker,

 

Part III

The biotic aspects of the Tigris-Euphrates river system

Dwi Listyo Rahayu, Curtis J. Richardson,

Section 1

General biology of the Tigris and Euphrates River

Keith G. Tidball, Marianne Krasny,

Section 2

The role of phytoplankton

Bahram K. Maulood,

Section 3

How aquatic plants enrich the environment of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

W. D. Taylor, A. Asa Eger, Richard Becker, 

Section 4

The role of the higher plants as a canopy in the freshwater zones

Jacquelyn C. Crook, Jonathan Chenoweth,

Section 5

Zooplankton: diversity, ecology and biology

Sergio Teggi

, J.O. Bosire, F. Dahdouh-Guebas, M. Walton

Section 6

Invertebrates and their role in the environment of the two rivers

M. O. Son, Peter K. L. Ng,

Section 7

Fishes as a main ecosystem component in the Tigris-Euphrates river system

G. H. Copp,

Dr. Jörg Freyhof, Brian W. Coad, Laith Jawad

 

Section 8

Birds: biodiversity, immigration in and out of the Mesopotamian plain and the ecological role

Richard Porter,

Section 9

Aquatic vertebrates other than fish: relation to the aquatic life and their ecological role

CHERYL JOY J. FERNANDEZ, RODELIO F. SUBADE

Part IV

Water resources

J. Robert BRITTON, Kyle Winfield,

Section 1

A biotic resources: the benefit and the effect

William J. Mitsch, Panos Hadjinicolaou,

Section 2

The role of biological resources in the environment of Tigris-Euphrates river system

Hanne Kirstine Adriansen,

 

Part V

Stress of the environment of the two rivers

Royce J. Bitzer, Jonathon Sanders,

Section 1

How pollution affecting the freshwater environment?

Jos Lelieveld, William J. Mitsch,

Section 2

Eutrophication: a stressing factor

Bahram K. Maulood, William J. Mitsch,

Section 3

Toxicological effects on the environment of the two rivers

Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia, Anna Olivieri, Antonio Torroni, Augusta S Santachiara-Benerecetti, Ornella Semino,

Section 4

Trace pollutants as an emerging contaminants in freshwater system

Sven E. Jørgensen,

Section 5

Effect of pollution on fishes and other aquatic animals

Vincenza Battaglia, Anna Olivieri

Section 6

Fish diseases: types, distribution and control

Augusta S Santachiara-Benerecetti, Ornella Semino,

 

Part VI

The heath of the human community inhabiting freshwater zones

Laith Jawad

Section 1

Infectious diseases

Farhan Muhaisen

Section 2

Toxicological and attack by aquatic animals incidents

Laith A. Jawad

Part VII

Conservation

Clayton Rubec, Azzam Alwash, Edward Maltby, Kelly P. Goodwin, Michelle L. Stevens

Section 1

Freshwater protected areas

Azzam Alwash, Edward Maltby, Michelle L. Stevens

 

Section 2

Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish

Azzam Alwash, Edward Maltby, Kelly P. Goodwin

Section 3

Conservation management and planning

Stuart Leiderman, Steve Lonergan, Robert France, Royce J. Bitzer,

 

 

Author affiliations

1. Clayton Rubec

Environmental Stewardship and Conservation Consultant 495 Athlone Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Z 5M9.

2. Dr. Azzam Alwash

Nature Iraq Organisation

3. Prof. Edward Maltby

 University of Liverpool, School of Environmental Science, Liverpool, UK.

4. Mr. Richard Porter

 BirdLife International

5. Kelly P. Goodwin

Millennium Relief and Development Services, Nongovernmental Organization, Basrah, Iraq

 

6. Michelle L. Stevens

Environmental Studies Department, California State University, Sacramento, California 95819 USA

 

7. Bahram K. Maulood

 Twin Rivers Institute, American University of Iraq, Sulaimania, Iraq.

8.

Maria Pala

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

9. Vincenza Battaglia

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

10. Viola Grugni

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

11. Anna Olivieri

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

12. Antonio Torroni

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

13. Augusta S Santachiara-Benerecetti

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

14. Ornella Semino

Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1,

 27100 Pavia, Italy

15. Sven Knutsson

Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden.

 

16. Jean-Claude Plaziat

 Département des Science

s de la Terre, Bâtiment 504, Université de Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France

 

17. J. Robert BRITTON

National Fisheries Laboratory, Environment Agency, Bornholm Lane, Brampton Huntingdon,

Cambridgeshire PE28 4NE, England, UK

 

18. G. H. Copp

Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, United

Kingdom

 

19. Dr. Jörg Freyhof

Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, IGB
Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany

 

20. M. O. Son

Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (Odessa Branch), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Odessa, 65125 Ukraine

 

21.

Peter K. L. Ng

 Tropical Marine Science Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore.

22.

Dwi Listyo Rahayu

Marine Bio-industry Implementation Unit-Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), P.O. Box 1124, Mataram 83000, NTB, Indonesia.

 

23. B. G. Warner

Department of Earth and Environmental Science,

University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

 

24. W. D. Taylor

Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada

 

25. Brian W. Coad

Canadian Museum of Nature, P. O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada.

 

26.

Curtis J. Richardson 

Nicholas School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

 

27. Richard Porter

BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom

 

28. Clayton Rubec

 Centre for Environmental Stewardship and Conservation, Ottawa, Canada

 

29.

William J. Mitsch

Everglades Wetland Research Park, Juliet C. Sproul Chair for Southwest Florida Habitat Restoration and Management, 110 Kapnick Center, Florida Gulf Coast University, 4940 Bayshore Drive, Naples, FL 34112, USA

Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

 

30. Stuart Leiderman

 

31. Steve Lonergan

 

32. Robert France

 

33. Edward Maltby

School of Environmental Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

 

34. Mike C. Acreman

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK

 

35. J. W. Dellapenna

Villanova University, USA

 

36. Chuanmin Hu

College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue, South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA

 

37. Rob G. Bijlsma

 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands

 

38. Maarten Platteeuw

 Doldersummerweg 1, 7983 LD Wapse, The Netherlands

39. Mennobart R. van Eerden

 Rijkswaterstaat Waterdienst, P.O. Box 17, 8200 AA Lelystad, The Netherland

 

40. Christopher Reed

 

41. Dorothy Bonn

 

42. Richard H. Becker

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.

 

43. Keith G. Tidball

 Cornell University

 

44. Marianne Krasny

 Cornell University

 

45. Hanne Kirstine Adriansen

 Danish Institute for International Studies Strandgade 56 DK-1401 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

 

46. Royce J. Bitzer

 Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3140

47. Adnan A.M. Aqrawi

 Development and Innovation (RDI), Innovation-Agents and Networks at Statoil, based in Stavanger, Norway.

 aamaq@statoil.com

 

48. Andrew D. Horbury

 Carbonate Geologist with Cambridge Carbonates

 andy@cambridgecarbonates.co.uk

 

49. Govand H. Sherwani

 Director General of Scholarships and Cultural Relations, Ministry of Higher Education, Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), Iraq since 2009.

Govand.sherwani@mhe-krg.org

 

50. A. Asa Eger

University of North Carolina, Greensboro

 

51. Carrie Hritz 

Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 516 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802-3405,

cah52@psu.edu

 

52.

Jennifer Pournelle 

University of South Carolina, Environment and Sustainability Program, School of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, Byrnes Building, Suite 430 A, 901 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208

jpournelle@environ.sc.edu

 

 

53. Jennifer Smith

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1169, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO. 63130

jensmith@wustl.edu

 

54. C. Jones

Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA

 

55. E. Yan

Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, USA.

 

56. A. Milewski

Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA

 

57. R. Becker a

Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA

 

58. Francesca Despini

 Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)

59. Sergio Teggi

Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)

60. Lorenza Bovio

, Francesco Immordino

MED INGEGNERIA (Italy)

61. Richard Becker

 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, USA richard.becker@utoledo.edu

 

62. Kyle Winfield

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, USA

63. Jonathon Sanders

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606

64. Dr. Carrie Hritz

Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University 516 Carpenter Building University Park, PA 16802-3405

cah52@psu.edu

65. Dr. Jennifer Pournelle

Director, MEERM-AWNES Un

iversity of South Carolina Environment and Sustainability Program School of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Byrnes Building, Suite 430 A 901 Sumter Street Columbia, SC 29208

 jpournelle@environ.sc.edu

66. Dr. Jennifer Smith

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University in St. Louis Campus Box 1169 1 Brookings Drive St. Louis, MO. 63130

jensmith@wustl.edu

67. Timothy J. Page

Centre for Riverine Landscapes, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia

t.page@griffith.edu.au

68. Jacquelyn C. Crook

United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy

 

69. Jonathan Chenoweth

 Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.

 

70. Panos Hadjinicolaou

Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.

 

71. Adriana Bruggeman

 Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.

 

72. Jos Lelieveld

 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

 

73. Elena Xoplaki

 Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

74. William J. Mitsch

Tuttle Wilma H. Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park The Ohio State University

 

75. Li Zhang

Tuttle Wilma H. Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park The Ohio State University

 

76. Sven E. Jørgensen

 University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

 

 

 

O autorze

Laith A. Jawad obtained MSc in Fish Taxonomy from the Zoology Department, University of Bristol, UK, in 1980. He then worked as a fish taxonomist at Basrah University, Iraq, for more than 20 years before moving to New Zealand in 1997. During this time, he founded the biochemical taxonomy of fishes of Iraq and published over 400 scientific papers and book reviews in leading scientific journals. He is the author and co-author of several biology textbooks published in Arabic. Recently, he contributed five chapters to the book Coastal Fishes: Habitat, Behaviour and Conservation, published by Nova Publishers, Canada. He also authored the book Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula, published by Springer in 2017. He served as a fish biodiversity expert and consultant at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Oman between 2008 and 2012, during which he co-authored two papers describing a new fish species in the Omani waters and reported over 80 fish species in Omani waters. He authored a guide to the fishes of the southern coasts of Oman published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in Oman in 2018. He also published over 90 papers on the fish fauna of Oman, Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. In 2013, he started research collaborations with over 100 scientists from more than 50 countries around the globe investigating various aspects of fish taxonomy and ichthyology.

Blurb

The system of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers is one of the great river systems of southwestern Asia. It comprises the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which follow roughly parallel courses through the heart of the Middle East. The lower portion of the region that they run through is known as Mesopotamia, was one of the cradles of civilisation.

There are several environmental factors that govern the nature of the two rivers and shape the landscape the two rivers running through. Geological events create rivers, climate monitor the water supply, the surrounding land influences the vegetation and the physical and chemical features of water.

The Tigris-Euphrates system runs through the territory of four countries, Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Therefore, any scientific approach to the environment of these two rivers should include the natural history events in these countries.

The book "Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth" will be divided into nine parts. These parts deal with the issues of the environment, the status of the flora and fauna, the abiotic aspects, ecology, hydrological regime of the two rivers, the biotic aspects, water resources, stress of the environment, conservation issues.

Since the book of Julian Rzoska "Euphrates and Tigris Mesopotamian Ecology and Destiny" in 1980, no book or major reference has been published that includes between its cover the facts and information that the present book will present. Therefore, the importance of the present book falls in stating the present status of the environment of the two rivers and the comparison of their environment between now and that of 37 years ago as given by J. Rzoska (1980).

The recent studies showed that there are a large number of natural and political events that happened within the last three decades in the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system that for sure have done a great change to the environment of the two rivers and consequently changing the biological and non-biological resources of the two rivers.

This book will be a reference book to both academic researchers and students across the Middle East in different disciplines of knowledge to use in their researches on Tigris-Euphrates river system. The scholars interested in this area will use this book as a guide to compare this freshwater system with other areas in Asia and the world.