This Is Bioethics: An Introduction

ISBN-13: 9781118770740 / Angielski / Miękka / 2020 / 320 str.

Udo Scha1/4klenk

Spis treści

About the Authors xiPreface and Acknowledgments xiii1 Introduction to Ethics 11.1 Religion and Ethics 61.2 Law and Ethics 91.2.1 Legal and Moral Rights 121.3 Ethical Relativism 131.4 Why be Ethical? 152 Ethical Theory 212.1 Virtue Ethics 212.2 Feminist Ethics 232.3 Utilitarian Ethics 252.4 Rule-Based Ethics 292.5 'Georgetown Mantra' 302.5.1 Non-Maleficence 312.5.2 Beneficence 312.5.3 Respect for Autonomy 312.5.4 Justice 322.6 Contract Theory 343 Basics of Bioethics 373.1 History and Scope of Bioethics 373.2 Who Can Claim to be a Bioethicist? 413.3 Organizations and Journals 433.4 Policy Advice 433.5 Common Arguments in Bioethics 453.6 Playing God 463.7 Unnatural and Abnormal 473.8 Dignity 483.9 Nazi Arguments in Bioethics 513.10 Slippery-Slope Arguments 533.11 Treating Someone as a Means 554 Moral Standing: What Matters 594.1 Moral Standing and Moral Status 594.2 Species Membership 604.3 Sentientism 624.4 Capabilities 644.5 Biocentrism 644.6 Holism 654.7 The Future 665 Beginning of Life 695.1 Introduction 695.2 Ethical Arguments about Reproductive Rights and Responsibilities 705.2.1 Reproductive Autonomy and the Right to Reproduce 705.2.2 Consequentialism and Procreative Beneficence 715.2.3 'Do No Harm' and the Person-Affecting Restriction 725.2.4 The Non-Identity Problem 725.2.5 Virtue Ethics 735.2.6 Feminist Bioethics 735.3 Issues in Assisted Reproduction 745.3.1 Genetic Relatedness: How Important Is It? 755.3.2 Issues of Selection in Reproduction 775.4 Embryos, Fetuses and Abortion 795.4.1 Fetuses 805.4.2 Judith Jarvis Thomson and the Violinist 815.4.3 The 'Future-Like-Ours' Argument 815.4.4 The Impairment Argument Against Abortion 825.4.5 Women's Character 825.4.6 Abortion and Fetal Transplants 835.4.7 Savior Siblings 845.4.8 Infants and Infanticide 855.4.9 Severely Disabled Infants 865.4.10 Acts and Omissions 875.4.11 Newborn Screening 886 Health Care Professional-Patient Relationship 916.1 Informed Consent 926.2 Paternalism 966.3 Deciding for Others 976.3.1 Deciding for Others: Advance Directives 976.3.2 Deciding for Others: Patients Who Never Had Capacity 986.3.3 Deciding for Others: Incapacitated Patients without Advance Directives 996.4 Truth Telling 1026.5 Confidentiality 1056.6 Conscience Matters 1076.7 Duty to Treat 1107 Research Ethics 1157.1 Elements of Ethical Research 1177.2 Clinical Research: The Basics 1187.3 Animal Experiments 1207.4 Informed Consent 1217.5 Trial-Related Injuries 1227.6 Benefits 1247.7 Benefiting from Evil 1257.8 Ethical Issues Affecting Clinical Research Involving the Catastrophically Ill 1277.9 Developing World 1307.9.1 Utility of Research Question 1307.9.2 Standards of Care 1318 Genetics 1358.1 Genetics and Genomics 1358.1.1 Introduction - Genetics, Genomics and Bioethics: Is Genetics Special? 1358.1.2 Issues in Clinical Genetics: Genetic Testing and Counseling 1378.1.2.1 Non-Directiveness 1378.1.2.2 Children 1388.1.2.3 Genetic Screening 1398.1.2.4 Direct-to-Consumer Testing 1398.2 Gene Therapy: Somatic and Germline 1408.2.1 Is There a Need for Germline Gene Therapy? 1428.2.2 Risks and Irreversible Consequences 1428.2.3 Future Generations and Lack of Consent 1438.2.4 The Iconic Significance of the Germline 1438.2.5 Gene Editing 1448.3 Genomic Research 1468.3.1 The Human Genome Project 1468.3.2 Biobanks 1478.3.3 Feedback of Findings 1498.4 Personalized Medicine 1508.4.1 Human Cloning - Therapeutic Cloning 1518.4.2 Reproductive Cloning 1538.5 Other Issues in Genetics and Genomics 1559 Enhancement 1599.1 Introduction 1599.2 Enhancement and Superhumans 1599.3 The Meaning of Enhancement 1619.3.1 Enhancement and Improvement 1619.4 Alternatives to the 'Improvement' Account 1639.4.1 Therapy-Enhancement Distinction 1639.4.2 Species-Normal Functioning 1649.4.2.1 Quantitative Account of Enhancement 1649.4.3 Enhancement: The Umbrella View 1659.5 Ethical Issues 1669.5.1 Is Enhancement Necessary? 1669.5.2 Enhancement is Inevitable 1679.5.3 A Compromise Position? 1689.5.4 Autonomy 1699.5.5 The Habermasian Concern 1699.6 Social Inequalities and Social Justice 1709.6.1 Consequences for the Future of Humans 1719.7 Moral Enhancement 1739.8 Cognitive Enhancement 17610 Mental Health 18110.1 Mental Illness 18210.2 Diagnosis 18410.3 Autonomy and Capacity 18610.4 Least Restrictive Option 18710.5 Best Interests 18810.6 Treatment and Detention 18910.6.1 Detention for the Good of the Service User 18910.6.2 Detention for the Protection of Others 19111 End of Life 19511.1 Do You Want to Live Forever? 19511.2 Terminology 20111.3 Case for the Decriminalization of Assisted Dying 20311.4 The Case Against the Decriminalization of Assisted Dying 20711.4.1 In-Principle Reasons Against Assistance in Dying 20711.4.2 Slippery-Slope Reasons Against Assistance in Dying 20811.4.2.1 Pereira v. Downie 21011.5 Violation of Health Care Professional Values and Traditions 21312 Justice and Health Care 21712.1 Introduction 21712.2 Types of Justice 21812.2.1 Justice and Discrimination 21812.2.2 Justice in Distribution 21912.2.3 Procedural Justice 22012.2.4 Justice and Exploitation 22012.3 The Concept of Justice and its Connection With Equality 22212.3.1 Justice and Equality: Equal Treatment and Equal Consideration 22212.3.2 Justice, 'Deserving', and Personal Responsibility 22312.3.3 Justice is Giving People What They Need 22512.4 Theories of Justice 22512.4.1 Utility and Well-Being 22512.4.2 Respect for Persons: Rights to Health and Health Care 22812.4.3 John Rawls and Norman Daniels 22912.4.4 The Capabilities Approach 23112.5 Special Cases 23212.5.1 Personalized Medicine and Justice 23313 Population Health 23513.1 Global Health Issues 23513.2 Health Aid Obligations 23613.2.1 Allocation Priorities 23813.3 Population Health and Public Health 24013.4 Communicable Disease Control Challenges 24313.4.1 Take One: Michael Johnson is Not Culpable 24513.4.2 Take Two: Michael Johnson is Culpable 24513.4.3 Take Three: Shared Responsibility 24613.4.4 Deterrence 24613.4.5 Private Acts and Social Consequences 24713.4.6 Novel Coronavirus Pandemic 24813.4.7 Vaccines 25113.5 Public Health Promotion 25313.5.1 Communicable Disease: HIV 25413.5.2 Non-Communicable Disease: Obesity 256Bibliography 261Further Reading 287Index 295

O autorze

RUTH F. CHADWICK is Professor Emerita, Cardiff University, and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK. She is Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics and has served on numerous international bodies including the Council of the Human Genome Organization. She is Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences, the Hastings Center, the Royal Society of Arts, the Royal Society of Biology, and the Learned Society of Wales.UDO SCHÜKLENK holds the Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics in the Department of Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, Canada. He is a Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics. His academic career has included teaching and research appointments in Australia, South Africa, and the UK. He is co-editor of Bioethics: An Anthology, Fourth Edition and co-author of 50 Great Myths About Atheism.