Theory of Ground Vehicles

ISBN-13: 9781119719700 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 624 str.

J. Y. Wong

Spis treści

PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIONPREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITIONPREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITIONPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONCONVERSION FACTORSLIST OF SYMBOLSACRONYMSINTRODUCTION1 MECHANICS OF PNEUMATIC TIRES1.1 Tire Forces and Moments1.2 Rolling Resistance of Tires1.3 Tractive (Braking) Effort and Longitudinal Slip (Skid)1.3.1 Tractive Effort and Longitudinal Slip1.3.2 Braking Effort and Longitudinal Skid1.4 Cornering Properties of Tires1.4.1 Slip Angle and Cornering Force1.4.2 Slip Angle and Aligning Torque1.4.3 Camber and Camber Thrust1.4.4 Characterization of Cornering Behavior of Tires1.4.5 The Magic Formula1.5 Performance of Tires on Wet Surfaces1.6 Ride Properties of Tires1.7 Tire/Road NoiseReferencesProblems2 MECHANICS OF VEHICLE-TERRAIN INTERACTION-TERRAMECHANICS2.1 Applications of the Theory of Elasticity to Predicting Stress Distributions in the Terrain under Vehicular Loads2.2 Applications of the Theory of Plastic Equilibrium to the Mechanics of Vehicle-Terrain Interaction2.3 Empirically Based Models for Predicting Off-Road Vehicle Mobility2.3.1 NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM)2.3.2 Empirical Models for Predicting Single Wheel Performance2.3.3 Empirical Models Based on the Mean Maximum Pressure2.3.4 Limitations and Prospects for Empirically Based Models2.4 Measurement and Characterization of Terrain Response2.4.1 Characterization of Pressure-Sinkage Relationships2.4.2 Characterization of the Response to Repetitive Normal Loading2.4.3 Characterization of Shear Stress-Shear Displacement Relationships2.4.4 Characterization of the Response to Repetitive Shear Loading2.4.5 Bekker-Wong Terrain Parameters2.5 A Simplified Physics-Based Model for the Performance of Tracked Vehicles2.5.1 Motion Resistance of a Track2.5.2 Tractive Effort and Slip of a Track2.6 An Advanced Physics-Based Model for the Performance of Vehicles with Flexible Tracks2.6.1 Approach to the Prediction of Normal Pressure Distribution under a Track2.6.2 Approach to the Prediction of Shear Stress Distribution under a Track2.6.3 Prediction of Motion Resistance and Drawbar Pull as Functions of Track Slip2.6.4 Experimental Substantiation2.6.5 Applications to Parametric Analysis and Design Optimization2.7 An Advanced Physics-Based Model for the Performance of Vehicles with Long-Pitch Link Tracks2.7.1 Basic Approach2.7.2 Experimental Substantiation2.7.3 Applications to Parametric Analysis and Design Optimization2.8 Physics-Based Models for the Cross-Country Performance of Wheels (Tires)2.8.1 Motion Resistance of a Rigid Wheel2.8.2 Motion Resistance of a Pneumatic Tire2.8.3 Tractive Effort and Slip of a Wheel (Tire)2.9 A Physics-Based Model for the Performance of Off-Road Wheeled Vehicles2.9.1 Basic Approach2.9.2 Experimental Substantiation2.9.3 Applications to Parametric Analysis2.10 Slip Sinkage2.10.1 Physical Nature of Slip Sinkage2.10.2 Simplified Methods for Predicting Slip Sinkage2.11 Applications of Terramechanics to the Study of Mobility of Extraterrestrial Rovers and Their Running Gears2.11.1 Predicting the Performance of Rigid Rover Wheels on ExtraterrestrialSurfaces Based on Test Results Obtained on Earth2.11.2 Performances of Lunar Roving Vehicle Flexible Wheels PredictedUsing the Model NWVPM and Correlations with Test Data2.12 Finite Element and Discrete Element Methods for the Study of Vehicle-Terrain Interaction2.12.1 The Finite Element Method2.12.2 The Discrete (Distinct) Element MethodReferencesProblems3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD VEHICLES3.1 Equation of Motion and Maximum Tractive Effort3.2 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments3.3 Internal Combustion Engines3.3.1 Performance Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines3.3.2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines3.4 Electric Drives3.4.1 Elements of an Electric Drive3.4.2 Characteristics of Battery Electric Vehicles3.5 Hybrid Electric Drives3.5.1 Types of Hybrid Electric Drive3.5.2 Characteristics of Energy Consumption and Emissions of Hybrid Electric Vehicles3.6 Fuel Cells3.6.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells3.6.2 Characteristics of Fuel Cell Vehicles3.7 Transmissions for Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines3.7.1 Manual Gear Transmissions3.7.2 Automatic Transmissions3.7.3 Continuous Variable Transmissions3.7.4 Hydrostatic Transmissions3.8 Prediction of Vehicle Performance3.8.1 Acceleration Time and Distance3.8.2 Gradeability3.9 Operating Fuel Economy of Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines3.10 Internal Combustion Engine and Transmission Matching3.11 Braking Performance3.11.1 Braking Characteristics of a Two-Axle Vehicle3.11.2 Braking Efficiency and Stopping Distance3.11.3 Braking Characteristics of a Tractor-Semitrailer3.11.4 Antilock Brake Systems3.11.5 Traction Control SystemsReferencesProblems4 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF OFF-ROAD VEHICLES4.1 Drawbar Performance4.1.1 Drawbar Pull and Drawbar Power4.1.2 Drawbar (Tractive) Efficiency4.1.3 All-Wheel Drive4.1.4 Coefficient of Traction4.1.5 Weight-to-Power Ratio for Off-Road Vehicles4.2 Fuel Economy of Cross-Country Operations4.3 Transport Productivity and Transport Efficiency4.4 Mobility Map and Mobility Profile4.5 Selection of Vehicle Configurations for Off-Road OperationsReferencesProblems5 HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD VEHICLES5.1 Steering Geometry5.2 Steady-State Handling Characteristics of a Two-Axle Vehicle / 3675.2.1 Neutral Steer5.2.2 Understeer5.2.3 Oversteer5.3 Steady-State Response to Steering Input5.3.1 Yaw Velocity Response5.3.2 Lateral Acceleration Response5.3.3 Curvature Response5.4 Testing of Handling Characteristics5.4.1 Constant Radius Test5.4.2 Constant Speed Test5.4.3 Constant Steer Angle Test5.5 Transient Response Characteristics5.6 Directional Stability5.6.1 Criteria for Directional Stability5.6.2 Vehicle Stability Control5.7 Driving Automation5.7.1 Classification of Levels of Driving Automation5.7.2 Automated Driving Systems and Cooperative Driving Automation5.8 Steady-State Handling Characteristics of a Tractor-Semitrailer5.9 Simulation Models for the Directional Behavior of Articulated Road VehiclesReferencesProblems6 STEERING OF TRACKED VEHICLES6.1 Simplified Analysis of the Kinetics of Skid-Steering6.2 Kinematics of Skid-Steering6.3 Skid-Steering at High Speeds6.4 A General Theory for Skid-Steering on Firm Ground6.4.1 Shear Displacement on the Track-Ground Interface6.4.2 Kinetics in a Steady-State Turning Maneuver6.4.3 Experimental Substantiation6.4.4 Coefficient of Lateral Resistance6.5 Power Consumption of Skid-Steering6.6 Skid Steering Systems for Tracked Vehicles6.6.1 Clutch/Brake Steering System6.6.2 Controlled Differential Steering System6.6.3 Planetary Gear Steering System6.7 Articulated SteeringReferencesProblems7 VEHICLE RIDE CHARACTERISTICS7.1 Human Response to Vibration7.1.1 International Standard ISO 2631/1-19857.1.2 International Standard ISO 2631-1:1997/Amd.1:20107.1.3 Absorbed Power7.2 Vehicle Ride Models7.2.1 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Vehicle Model for Vertical Vibrations of Sprung and Unsprung Mass7.2.2 Numerical Methods for Determining the Response of a Quarter-Car Model to Irregular Surface Profile Excitation7.2.3 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Vehicle Model for Pitch and Bounce7.3 Introduction to Random Vibration7.3.1 Surface Elevation Profile as a Random Function7.3.2 Frequency Response Function7.3.3 Evaluation of Vehicle Vibration in Relation to Ride Comfort Criteria7.4 Active and Semiactive Suspensions7.4.1 Active Suspensions7.4.2 Semi-Active SuspensionsReferencesProblems8 INTRODUCTION TO AIR-CUSHION VEHICLES8.1 Air-Cushion Systems and Their Performances8.1.1 Plenum Chambers8.1.2 Peripheral Jets8.2 Resistances of Air-Cushion Vehicles8.3 Suspension Characteristics of Air-Cushion Systems8.3.1 Heave (or Bounce) Stiffness8.3.2 Roll Stiffness8.4 Directional Control of Air-Cushion VehiclesReferencesProblemsINDEX

O autorze

J. Y. Wong is Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. He received his PhD and DSc from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. He is also the author of Terramechanics and Off-Road Vehicle Engineering. An internationally recognized leading expert in ground vehicle mobility, he is on the editorial/advisory boards of a number of international journals. He has received numerous awards from learned societies for his research accomplishments.