The Vitreous: Structure, Function, and Pathobiology

ISBN-13: 9781461389101 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 173 str.

J. Sebag; C. L. Schepens

Opis

The vitreous body long has been the most mysterious of all ocular structures, owing perhaps to its seeming simplicity. There have been few concerted, sustained efforts to unravel the mysteries of how the vitreous is composed and what role it plays in normal physiology. Over the years, however, many studies have produced independent findings concerning vitreous biochemistry, structure, and physiology. The Vitreous, 2nd edition, organizes these findings into a well-constructed compendium that not only addresses the most current scientific knowledge, but also reviews historical perspectives in a manner that lends richness to the scope of the book. The first few chapters present an exhaustive, yet readable, review of the body of scientific data that have come from laboratories and researchers throughout the world. Extensive bibliographies direct interested readers further into specific aspects of the basic science of the vitreous. "Embryology" and "Structure" present a novel organizational approach to assembling and presenting data in an integrated manner. Functions" and "Development and Aging" introduce fresh perspectives on the importance of the vitreous as some thing more than a vestigial space filler within the eye."

Spis treści

I Introduction.- A. General Background.- B. Historical Perspective.- 1. Vitreous Structure.- 2. Vitreous Biochemistry.- References.- II Embryology of the Vitreous.- A. Structural Development.- 1. Primary Vitreous.- 2. Secondary Vitreous.- 3. Zonular System.- B. Cellular Development.- 1. Hyalocytes.- 2. Fibroblasts.- C. Molecular Development.- 1. Collagen.- 2. Hyaluronic Acid.- 3. Other Molecular Components.- References.- III Biochemistry.- A. Collagen.- B. Hyaluronic Acid (HA).- C. Collagen-HA Interaction.- D. Noncollagenous Proteins.- E. Glycoproteins.- F. Low-Molecular-Weight Substances.- 1. Sodium.- 2. Potassium.- 3. Chloride.- 4 Calcium.- 5. Phosphates.- 6. Bicarbonate.- G. Miscellaneous Compounds.- 1. Ascorbic Acid.- 2. Lactic Acid.- 3. Amino Acids.- 4. Lipids.- H. Species Variations.- 1. Glycosaminoglycans.- 2. Collagen.- 3. Protein.- 4. Glycoproteins.- 5. Lipids.- 6. Miscellaneous.- References.- IV Structure of the Vitreous.- A. Organization and Distribution of Molecular Components.- B. Vitreous Body.- C. Vitreous Base.- D. Vitreous Cortex.- 1. Hyalocytes.- 2. Fibroblasts.- E. Basal Laminae and Vitreoretinal Interface.- F. Zonules.- References.- V Functions of the Vitreous.- A. Developmental.- B. Optical.- 1. Media Transparency.- 2. Accommodation.- C. Mechanical.- D. Physiology and Metabolism.- References.- VI Development and Aging of the Vitreous.- A. Development to the Adult.- 1. Structural Development.- 2. Molecular Development.- 3. Morphologic Changes During Development.- B. Aging.- 1. Rheology.- 2. Biochemistry.- 3. Morphology.- C. Posterior Vitreous Detachment.- 1. Definition.- 2. Epidemiology.- 3. Pathogenesis.- 4. Sequelae.- References.- VII Pathobiology of the Vitreous.- A. Developmental and Inherited Disorders.- 1. Hyaloid Vascular System.- 2. Dominant Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.- 3. Retinopathy of Prematurity.- 4. Wagner’s Disease.- 5. Vitreoretinal Dystrophy of Goldmann-Favre.- B. Connective-Tissue Disorders.- 1. Marian’s Syndrome.- 2. Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 3. Stickler Syndrome.- C. Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Biochemical Effects.- 2. Vitreous Effects.- D. Cell Invasion.- 1. Cell Proliferation at the Vitreoretinal Interface.- 2. Trauma.- 3. Inflammation.- 4. Neoplasia.- E. Vascular Invasion and Effects of Vitreous Hemorrhage.- 1. Role of Vitreous in Neovascularization.- 2. Effects of Hemorrhage on the Vitreous.- F. Vitreoretinal Traction.- 1. Peripheral Traction.- 2. Traction on Retinal Blood Vessels.- 3. Posterior Pole Traction.- G. Miscellaneous Conditions of the Vitreous.- 1. Myopia.- 2. Aphakia.- 3. Retinitis Pigmentosa.- 4. Vitreous Opacities.- H. Effects of Surgical Intervention.- 1. Vitrectomy.- 2. Photocoagulation.- 3. Cryopexy.- 4. Intravitreal Injections.- References.- Color Plates.