Introduction; 1. The 1970s: The nuclear relationship under the Shah; 2. The 1980s: Developing hostility and the origins of the Islamic Republic's nuclear programme; 3. The 1990s: Clinton and the failure of containment and engagement; 4. 2001-8: George W. Bush and the failure of confrontation; 5. 2008-15: Obama and the road to the JCPOA; Conclusions; Bibliography.